Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, and printmaker who spent much of his life in France. He is considered one of the most influential artists of the 20th century, best known for co-founding Cubism and for his diverse artistic styles. Picasso also invented constructed sculpture and co-invented collage. His iconic works include the proto-Cubist painting *Les Demoiselles d'Avignon* and *Guernica*, a powerful anti-war depiction of the bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War. Picasso's impact on modern art remains significant.
Around 1900, Picasso entered his Modernist period, influenced by artists like Rossetti, Toulouse-Lautrec, and El Greco, leading to a personal version of modernism in his works.
In 1900, Picasso made his first trip to Paris, where he met Max Jacob, who helped him learn the language and literature. They shared an apartment during times of poverty.
In March 1901, Picasso and Francisco de Asís Soler published the first issue of the magazine Arte Joven in Madrid, featuring Picasso's illustrations.
In 1901, Picasso's Blue Period began, characterized by sombre paintings in shades of blue and blue-green.
In 1901, Picasso's work from this period is reminiscent of the generally upbeat and optimistic mood of paintings in the Rose Period (1904-1906).
In 1903, Picasso painted La Vie, a gloomy allegorical painting, as a posthumous portrait of his friend Carles Casagemas.
In 1903, Picasso painted The Blindman's Meal and the portrait of Celestina, both reflecting the theme of blindness prevalent in his Blue Period works.
In 1904, Picasso began his Rose Period and met Fernande Olivier in Paris, who became his mistress and influenced his paintings.
In 1904, Picasso created The Frugal Repast, an etching depicting a blind man and a sighted woman at a bare table, reflecting the themes of blindness and poverty during his Blue Period.
In 1904, Picasso entered the Rose Period, which featured a lighter tone with orange and pink colors, often depicting circus people and harlequins.
In 1904, Picasso's Blue Period ended, marking a transition to new artistic styles and themes.
In 1905, Picasso became a favorite of American art collectors Leo and Gertrude Stein. He painted a portrait of Gertrude Stein. He met Henri Matisse at one of her gatherings.
In 1905, the reappearance of an acrobats theme in Picasso's work signaled the end of his "Blue Period" and marked the transition into his "Rose Period". This transition has been incorrectly attributed to the presence of Fernande Olivier in his life. This marked a change in his artistic style, moving away from the somber tones of his earlier work.
In 1906, Picasso was in the Rose Period, characterized by a lighter tone utilizing orange and pink colours and featuring many circus people, acrobats and harlequins.
In 1906, Picasso was motivated by Henri Matisse's Fauvist work, leading him to explore more radical styles and beginning a rivalry between the two artists.
In June 1907, Picasso was powerfully impressed by African artifacts at the ethnographic museum at Palais du Trocadéro, which influenced his painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.
In 1907, Picasso began his African-influenced Period, showing the influence of African artifacts on his art.
In 1907, Picasso created Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, a proto-Cubist work that became one of his most famous pieces.
In 1907, Picasso joined an art gallery in Paris opened by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, who became a premier art dealer and champion of Cubism.
In 1907, Picasso painted Nude with Raised Arms, during his African-influenced Period.
In 1908, Picasso created Three Women, contributing to his African-influenced Period.
From 1909 to 1928 Picasso abandoned modelling and instead made sculptural constructions using diverse materials.
In 1909, Pablo Picasso created the painting 'Femme Assise', which would later sell for a record price at auction in June 2016.
In 1909, Picasso began Analytic Cubism with Georges Braque, using monochrome colors to analyze objects in terms of their shapes.
In 1909, Picasso developed Analytic Cubism with Georges Braque, using monochrome colors to analyze objects in terms of their shapes.
In 1909, Picasso was in the African-influenced Period, which began with his painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.
Since 1909, Picasso's work largely contained or sublimated violence, psychic fears, and eroticism.
In 1911, Picasso was arrested and questioned about the theft of the Mona Lisa from the Louvre, due to his association with Apollinaire.
In 1912, Picasso created Guitar, a relief construction made of sheet metal and wire. It is considered a "three-dimensional planar counterpart of Cubist painting".
In 1912, Picasso created Still Life with Chair Caning, marking the first cubist collage and assemblage during Synthetic Cubism.
In 1912, Picasso transitioned away from Analytic Cubism, marking the beginning of a new phase in his artistic style.
In 1913, Picasso's father, José Ruiz y Blasco, a painter and art professor, passed away.
In August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, Picasso was living in Avignon. Many of his artist friends were mobilized for the war effort.
Between 1915 and 1917, Picasso began a series of paintings depicting highly geometric and minimalist Cubist objects, consisting of either a pipe, a guitar or a glass.
In 1915, Picasso was devastated by the premature death of Marcelle Humbert (Eva Gouel) from illness at the age of 30.
During the spring of 1916, Apollinaire returned from the front wounded, and Picasso renewed their friendship but began to frequent new social circles.
In 1916, Picasso exhibited Les Demoiselles d'Avignon publicly for the first time, several years after its creation.
In February 1917, Picasso made his first trip to Italy and began producing work in a neoclassical style following World War I, mirroring a "return to order" trend among European artists.
Between 1915 and 1917, Picasso began a series of paintings depicting highly geometric and minimalist Cubist objects, consisting of either a pipe, a guitar or a glass.
In 1917, Picasso's paintings included the pointillist Woman with a Mantilla, the Cubist Figure in an Armchair, and the naturalistic Harlequin, showcasing his stylistic versatility.
In 1918, Picasso married Olga Khokhlova, a ballet dancer. This marked a significant relationship in Picasso's life, influencing his personal life and artistic style.
In 1919, Picasso made a number of drawings from postcards and photographs, reflecting his interest in the stylistic conventions and static character of posed photographs.
In 1919, Picasso was in the Synthetic cubism (1912–1919) period, in which cut paper fragments were pasted into compositions.
In 1920, Khokhlova introduced Picasso to the life of the rich in Paris, including high society and formal dinner parties. During this year, Picasso also collaborated with Igor Stravinsky on Pulcinella, using the opportunity to make drawings of the composer.
In 1921, Picasso simultaneously painted several large neoclassical paintings and two versions of the Cubist composition Three Musicians, demonstrating his ability to work in multiple styles.
In the summer of 1921, Picasso, Khokhlova, and their son Paulo stayed in Fontainebleau, France. During this time, Picasso painted Three Women at the Spring and Three Musicians in a garage used as a studio.
In an interview published in 1923, Picasso stated that the different manners he used in his art were not an evolution but rather a reflection of the subjects he wanted to express, adopting different ways of expression as needed.
In 1924, Picasso and Christian Zervos became friends, which led to Zervos undertaking the compilation of the catalogue raisonné of Picasso's complete works from 1932 to 1978.
In 1925, André Breton declared Picasso "one of ours" in his article. Les Demoiselles was reproduced in Europe for the first time, and Picasso exhibited Cubist works at the first Surrealist group exhibition, while developing new imagery to express himself emotionally.
In 1927, Picasso met 17-year-old Marie-Thérèse Walter and began a long-standing affair with her. She became his muse, and he later fathered a daughter named Maya with her.
From 1909 to 1928 Picasso abandoned modelling and instead made sculptural constructions using diverse materials.
From 1932, Christian Zervos began compiling the catalogue raisonné of Picasso's complete works, with Picasso becoming a friend in 1924. The catalogue spanned until 1978, documenting Picasso's artistic output over several decades.
In 1932, Picasso created 'Nude, Green Leaves and Bust', depicting his mistress Marie-Thérèse Walter. The painting sold for US$106.5 million in May 2010.
In 1932, the first volume of the catalogue raisonné of Picasso's work, 'Works from 1895 to 1906', was published by Christian Zervos. This endeavor led to Zervos' financial hardship, forcing him to sell art to avoid bankruptcy.
From 1935 to 1959, Picasso wrote more than 300 poems as an alternative outlet.
In 1935, Picasso began divorce proceedings with Olga Khokhlova. However, Olga refused to divorce, leading to a legal separation later on.
In 1935, Picasso's mistress, Marie-Thérèse Walter, gave birth to their daughter Maya. Picasso secretly housed them in an apartment at 44 rue de La Boétie in Paris, across from his residence with his wife Olga.
Around this time, Picasso wrote poetry as an alternative outlet, with poems often titled with the date and location of their writing, such as "Paris 16 May 1936".
In 1936, at the start of the Spanish Civil War, Picasso was appointed as the "director of the Prado, albeit in absentia" by the Republicans. He took his duties seriously, providing funds to evacuate the museum's collection to Geneva.
In July 1937, Guernica was exhibited at the Spanish Pavilion at the Paris International Exposition and later became the centerpiece of a touring exhibition featuring works by Picasso, Matisse, Braque, and Henri Laurens.
In 1937, Marie-Thèrése Walter and her daughter Maya were moved to Le Tremblay-sur-Mauldre. This move separated them further from Picasso's primary residence.
In 1937, Pablo Picasso painted 'Femme au Béret et à la Robe Quadrillée', a portrait of Marie-Thérèse Walter, which was sold for £49.8m at Sotheby's in London in March 2018.
In 1937, Picasso created 'The Dream and Lie of Franco' as an overtly political work expressing anger and condemnation of Francisco Franco and fascists, meant to be sold as postcards for fundraising for the Spanish Republican cause.
In 1937, Picasso created Guernica, a large narrative painting and one of his few works on such a scale.
In 1937, Picasso created the anti-war painting Guernica, portraying the bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War.
In 1939, Pablo Picasso painted 'Femme assise, robe bleu', a portrait that was later misappropriated during the early years of WWII and sold for $45 million at auction in May 2017.
In 1939, on the occasion of Picasso's retrospective at New York's Museum of Modern Art, Life magazine acknowledged his dominance in modern European art, with opinions divided on whether he was a corrupting influence or the greatest artist alive.
In 1940, Picasso applied for French citizenship but was denied due to his "extremist ideas evolving towards communism".
In 1940, following the major retrospective of his work, Picasso faced a surprisingly ambivalent critical reception, with journalists expressing disturbance over his "multiplicity of styles" and describing him as "wayward and even malicious."
In 1941, Picasso and Olga Khokhlova legally separated, although they remained married until her death. This marked the formal end of their cohabitation, though legal ties persisted.
In 1941, Picasso wrote "Desire Caught by the Tail".
In 1942, Picasso continued to paint in his studio, producing works such as the Still Life with Guitar.
In 1944, Picasso continued to paint in his studio, producing works such as The Charnel House (painted between 1944 and 1948). Although bronze casting was outlawed by the Germans in Paris, Picasso continued using bronze smuggled to him by the French Resistance.
In 1944, Picasso joined the French Communist Party. This decision aligned him with many continental intellectuals and artists of the time.
In 1944, after the liberation of Paris, Picasso, then 63 years old, began a romantic relationship with a young art student named Françoise Gilot, who was 40 years younger than him. He grew tired of his mistress Dora Maar and began living with Gilot.
In 1945, Picasso stated in an interview with Jerome Seckler, "I am a Communist and my painting is Communist painting."
In 1947, Picasso and Françoise Gilot had their first child, Claude Picasso.
In 1948, Picasso attended the World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace in Poland. His attendance reflected his commitment to the communist ideology and his engagement in international political events.
On 9 January 1949, Picasso created 'Dove', a black and white lithograph that became an iconographic image known as 'The dove of peace'. It was used as a poster for the 1949 World Peace Council.
In 1949, Picasso and Françoise Gilot had their second child, Paloma Picasso.
In mid-1949, Picasso was one of 250 sculptors who exhibited in the 3rd Sculpture International held at the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
Picasso wrote "The Four Little Girls" in 1949.
In 1950, Picasso received the Stalin Peace Prize from the Soviet government. This award recognized his contributions to promoting peace from a communist perspective.
In 1951, while still involved with Françoise Gilot, Picasso had a six-week affair with Geneviève Laporte, who was four years younger than Gilot.
In 1952, Picasso met Jacqueline Roque, who worked at the Madoura Pottery in Vallauris, where he made and painted ceramics. She became his lover.
In 1953, Françoise Gilot left Picasso, taking their children with her, due to his abusive behavior and infidelities, as described in her 1964 book 'Life with Picasso'. This event led to a strained relationship between Picasso and his children.
In 1953, Picasso faced criticism from the Communist Party for his portrait of Joseph Stalin, which was deemed insufficiently realistic. Despite this, he remained a loyal member of the party.
In 1955, Olga Khokhlova, Picasso's first wife, passed away. They had been legally separated since 1941, but remained married until her death.
In 1955, Picasso helped make the film Le Mystère Picasso (The Mystery of Picasso), directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot.
In 1958, Picasso acquired the Château of Vauvenargues near Aix-en-Provence.
Between 1959 and 1961, Picasso and Jacqueline occupied the Château of Vauvenargues.
Picasso wrote works such as The Burial of the Count of Orgaz in 1959.
In 1960, Picasso made a cameo appearance as himself in Jean Cocteau's Testament of Orpheus.
In December 1961, Picasso legally recognized his paternity of his children, Claude and Paloma, with Françoise Gilot, granting them the right to use the name Picasso. Shortly after, news broke of his marriage to Jacqueline Roque.
Between 1959 and 1961, Picasso and Jacqueline occupied the Château of Vauvenargues.
In 1961, Picasso married Jacqueline Roque, who had been his lover since they met in 1952. She remained his wife for the rest of his life.
In 1962, Picasso received the Lenin Peace Prize. Biographer John Berger critiqued that Picasso's talents as an artist were "wasted" by the communists.
In 1964, Françoise Gilot published her book 'Life with Picasso', detailing her experiences with him, including abusive treatment and infidelities. This led to Picasso severing ties with their children.
In 1967, a Swiss insurance company faced heavy reimbursements following an air disaster, prompting the decision to sell two Picasso paintings to cover the costs.
In 1967, the Chicago Picasso, a large public sculpture, was unveiled in downtown Chicago. Picasso designed the ambiguous and somewhat controversial sculpture and donated it to the city, refusing payment.
From 1968 to 1971, Picasso produced a large volume of paintings and copperplate etchings, with his works becoming more daring, colourful, and expressive. These works were later seen as prefiguring Neo-Expressionism.
In 1968, a referendum in Basel resulted in the city voting to purchase Picasso's paintings for the Kunstmuseum Basel. Picasso then donated three paintings and a sketch, and was made an honorary citizen.
From October 1970 until the end of 1972, Picasso dedicated his work to create artwork for the Avignon Arts Festival.
In 1970, following the death of Christian Zervos, Mila Gagarin took over the supervision of the publication of 11 additional volumes of Picasso's catalogue raisonné. She continued this work until 1978.
From 1968 to 1971, Picasso produced a large volume of paintings and copperplate etchings, with his works becoming more daring, colourful, and expressive. These works were later seen as prefiguring Neo-Expressionism.
By 1972, The 33 volumes cover the entire work from 1895 to 1972, with close to 16,000 black and white photographs, in accord with the will of the artist.
From October 1970 until the end of 1972, Picasso dedicated his work to create artwork for the Avignon Arts Festival.
On April 8, 1973, Pablo Picasso died in Mougins, France, from a heart attack brought on by pulmonary edema. He had painted until 3 a.m. the night before and woke up unable to get out of bed.
Pablo Picasso, a highly influential Spanish artist, died in April 1973. He was known for co-founding Cubism and his diverse artistic styles.
In 1973, Picasso's grandson, Pablito, died by suicide from ingesting bleach after being barred from attending Picasso's funeral by Picasso's widow, Jacqueline.
In the spring of 1973, Picasso helped put together 201 of his paintings for the Avignon Arts Festival, which opened at the Palais des Papes in May.
Following the death of Paulo in 1975, Picasso's surviving heirs were his widow, Jacqueline; his grandchildren from Paulo, Marina and Bernard; and his children, Claude, Paloma and Maya.
In December 1976, Picasso's heirs, including his widow Jacqueline, grandchildren, and children, reached a settlement on how to divide his $240 million estate.
In 1978, Mila Gagarin supervised the publication of 11 additional volumes of Picasso's catalogue raisonné, following the death of Christian Zervos. These volumes covered the period from 1970 to 1978.
In 1981, Guernica was returned to Spain and exhibited at the Casón del Buen Retiro of the Museo del Prado.
In 1981, after the establishment of liberty and democracy, the painting "Guernica" was returned to Spain.
In 1985, the Museum Picasso Eugenio Arias' Collection was established in Buitrago del Lozoya by Picasso's friend, Eugenio Arias Herranz. This museum houses a collection related to Picasso's life and work.
In 1986, Jacqueline Roque, Picasso's second wife, died by suicide, shooting herself. She had been devastated and lonely after Picasso's death.
From 1989, Claude served as legal administrator of the estate until 2023, when his sister Paloma took over.
In 1992, the painting Guernica was put on display in the Reina Sofía Museum when it opened.
In 1993, Picasso is featured as a character in Steve Martin's play, 'Picasso at the Lapin Agile'.
In 1993, the committee formed by Picasso's heirs to authenticate his works dissolved due to disagreements regarding the legitimacy of a series of drawings. This led to the emergence of dual and competing authentication methods.
In 1996, the movie 'Surviving Picasso', where Pablo Picasso is portrayed by Anthony Hopkins, was released.
In 1998, Robert Hughes stated that Pablo Picasso dominated Western art in the 20th century, achieving a level of fame unmatched by any painter or sculptor, including Michelangelo, during his lifetime.
In 2003, relatives of Picasso inaugurated the Museo Picasso Málaga in his birthplace, Málaga, Spain. The museum is dedicated to showcasing Picasso's works.
In 2003, the reason for Picasso's 1940 rejection for French citizenship was revealed, citing his "extremist ideas evolving towards communism".
In May 2004, Picasso's painting 'Garçon à la pipe' sold for US$104 million at Sotheby's. This sale marked a significant event in the art market.
In May 2006, the painting 'Dora Maar au Chat' by Picasso sold for US$95.2 million at Sotheby's. This sale further highlighted the high value of Picasso's artworks.
In November 2009, Los Angeles philanthropist Frances Lasker Brody, who owned Picasso's 'Nude, Green Leaves and Bust' died. Her collection was later sold.
In May 2010, Picasso's painting 'Nude, Green Leaves and Bust' was sold at Christie's for US$106.5 million. The 1932 work, which depicts Picasso's mistress Marie-Thérèse Walter, had been in the collection of Frances Lasker Brody.
In the 2011 film 'Midnight in Paris', directed by Woody Allen, Picasso (portrayed by Marcial Di Fonzo Bo) appears as a member of the 1920s Parisian art circles.
In 2012, Picasso had 1,147 works listed as stolen in the Art Loss Register, making him the artist with the most stolen paintings.
In 2012, a nanoprobe analysis of Picasso's The Red Armchair (1931) by physicists at Argonne National Laboratory confirmed that Picasso used common house paint in many of his paintings.
In 2012, four of Picasso's five surviving heirs established the Picasso Administration to authenticate works by the artist. Claude was designated as the recipient of all authentication requests.
In May 2015, Picasso's painting 'Women of Algiers' set the record for the highest price ever paid for a painting when it sold for US$179.3 million at Christie's in New York. This sale marked a new milestone in the art market.
As of 2015, Picasso remained the top-ranked artist based on sales of his works at auctions according to the Art Market Trends report.
In June 2016, Pablo Picasso's painting 'Femme Assise (1909)' was sold for £43.2 million ($63.4 million) at Sotheby's London. The sale exceeded the estimate by nearly $20 million and set a world record for the highest price ever paid at auction for a Cubist work.
In May 2017, 'The Jerusalem Post' reported the sale of Picasso's 1939 portrait 'Femme assise, robe bleu' for $45 million at Christie's in New York City. The painting had been misappropriated during WWII and changed hands several times since its recovery.
In March 2018, Picasso's 'Femme au Béret et à la Robe Quadrillée (1937)', a portrait of Marie-Thérèse Walter, was sold for £49.8m at Sotheby's in London.
In the 2018 season of 'Genius', Antonio Banderas portrays Pablo Picasso, focusing on his life and art.
On 22 September 2020, it was announced that the project for a new Picasso Museum, due to open in Aix-en-Provence in 2021, had been scrapped because Catherine Hutin-Blay and the City Council failed to reach an agreement.
In 2021, the planned opening of a new Picasso Museum in Aix-en-Provence was canceled because Catherine Hutin-Blay, Jacqueline Picasso's daughter, and the City Council failed to reach an agreement in September 2020.
In 2023, Paloma Picasso took over from her brother Claude as the legal administrator of the Picasso estate.
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