Saddam Hussein was the fifth president of Iraq from 1979 to 2003, following the American invasion. He was a key member of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party and advocated for Ba'athism, blending Arab nationalism and socialism. His political ideology is known as Saddamism. He previously served as Vice President (1968-1979) and Prime Minister (1979-1991, 1994-2003). His rule ended with his overthrow and subsequent capture.
An opinion piece advises Trump to avoid Saddam Hussein's mistake of invading Iran. Separately, recovery efforts continue for survivors of the Iran port explosion, while investigations into the fire's causes are ongoing.
In April 1937, Saddam Hussein was born in al-Awja, near Tikrit, to a Sunni Arab family.
In 1941, Saddam Hussein's father-in-law, Khairallah Talfah, fought against Great Britain in the Anglo-Iraqi War.
In 1955, there were fewer than 300 Ba'ath Party members in Iraq, marking the early stages of Saddam Hussein's involvement with the party.
In 1956, the Suez Crisis occurred, influencing young Ba'athists like Saddam Hussein with the pan-Arab nationalism of Gamal Abdel Nasser.
In 1957, Saddam Hussein joined the revolutionary Ba'ath Party, marking the beginning of his political career.
In 1957, at the age of 20, Saddam Hussein dropped out of an Iraqi law school to join the revolutionary pan-Arab Ba'ath Party.
In October 1959, Saddam Hussein participated in the Ba'ath Party's assassination attempt on Qasim, though the attempt failed.
In 1959, following the failed assassination attempt on Qasim, Saddam Hussein's biography highlights his fearlessness, loyalty, and resourcefulness in saving his comrades and escaping.
In February 1960, Saddam Hussein escaped to Egypt via Syria, finding refuge under Nasser's protection after the failed assassination attempt on Qasim.
In 1961, while in exile in Egypt, Saddam Hussein graduated from high school.
In 1962, Saddam Hussein started pursuing a law degree at Cairo Law School, which he continued until 1963.
In February 1963, the Ba'ath Party overthrew and killed Qasim in the Ramadan Revolution coup. Saddam Hussein was in exile in Egypt at the time.
In November 1963, Abdul Salam Arif dismissed and arrested Ba'athist leaders in a coup, while Saddam Hussein was in exile in Egypt.
In 1963, Saddam Hussein's exile in Egypt came to an end, after he had pursued a law degree at Cairo Law School from 1962-1963.
Saddam Hussein received numerous medals from the Iraqi state commemorating his involvement or leadership during various events, including the 1963 revolution.
In October 1964, Saddam Hussein was arrested and imprisoned for approximately two years for planning to assassinate Arif.
In September 1966, Saddam Hussein initiated a challenge to Syrian domination of the Ba'ath Party, leading to the party's formal split into two factions.
In July 1968, Saddam Hussein participated in a bloodless coup led by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr that overthrew Abdul Rahman Arif, marking a significant event in his rise to power.
In 1968, Saddam Hussein became the vice president of Iraq, a position he held until 1979.
Saddam Hussein received numerous medals from the Iraqi state commemorating his involvement or leadership during various events, including the 1968 revolution.
By 1969, Saddam Hussein had become the moving force behind the Ba'ath Party, despite al-Bakr being the older and more prestigious leader.
In 1970, the death of Gamal Abdel Nasser, a pan-Arabist hero, created an opportunity for Saddam Hussein to gain admiration abroad.
Saddam Hussein received numerous medals from the Iraqi state commemorating his involvement or leadership during various events, including peace in 1970.
In June 1972, Saddam Hussein oversaw the seizure of international oil interests in Iraq, which at the time dominated the country's oil sector.
In 1972, Saddam Hussein signed a 15-year Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union.
Following the oil crisis of 1973, France shifted to a more pro-Arab policy and was rewarded by Saddam Hussein with closer ties.
In 1973, the world oil prices rose dramatically as a result of the 1973 energy crisis. This led to skyrocketing revenues enabling Saddam to expand his agenda.
Saddam Hussein received numerous medals from the Iraqi state commemorating his involvement or leadership during various events, including the 1973 Yom Kippur War with Israel.
In December 1974, Saddam Hussein visited Spain at the invitation of Francisco Franco, and toured Madrid, Granada, Córdoba, and Toledo.
Beginning in 1974, Taha Yassin Ramadan, a close associate of Saddam, commanded the Popular Army, which had responsibility for internal security. The People's Army acted as a counterweight against any coup attempts by the regular armed forces.
In 1974, the Ba'athist government doubled expenditures for agricultural development.
On March 6, 1975, Iran and Iraq signed the Algiers Agreement, mediated by Algerian President Houari Boumediene, to settle border disputes and improve bilateral relations. Under the accord, Iraq was granted sovereignty over the eastern bank of the Shatt al-Arab waterway, while Iran retained control over the western bank. Following the agreement, Iraq and Iran restored full diplomatic relations and exchanged ambassadors.
In 1975, after US covertly financed Kurdish rebels during the Second Iraqi-Kurdish War, the Kurds were defeated leading to the forcible relocation of hundreds of thousands of Kurdish civilians.
In 1975, the Ba'athist government doubled expenditures for agricultural development.
In 1976, Saddam Hussein rose to the position of general in the Iraqi armed forces, rapidly becoming the strongman of the government.
In 1977, Saddam Hussein stated that "our Party does not take a neutral stance between faith and atheism; it is always on the side of faith."
In 1978, Baghdad hosted an Arab League summit that condemned and ostracized Egypt for accepting the Camp David Accords, with Saddam Hussein leading the Arab opposition.
In 1978, a crackdown on Iraqi Communists strained Iraqi relations with the Soviet Union, leading Iraq to take on a more Western orientation.
On July 16, 1979, Saddam Hussein forced the ailing al-Bakr to resign and formally assumed the presidency of Iraq, securing his grip on power.
On July 22, 1979, Saddam Hussein convened an assembly of Ba'ath Party leaders and initiated a purge, claiming to have found a fifth column within the ruling party. 68 alleged co-conspirators were arrested. 22 were sentenced to execution, with other high-ranking members of the party forming the firing squad.
By 1979, Saddam Hussein was the de facto leader of Iraq, taking on an increasingly prominent role as the face of the government both internally and externally as al-Bakr became unable to execute his duties.
In 1979, Saddam Hussein became the fifth president of Iraq, serving until 2003, and also served as prime minister from 1979 to 1991.
In 1979, after taking office as president, Saddam Hussein purged rivals within his party, consolidating his power.
In 1979, following al-Bakr's resignation, Saddam Hussein formally took power, solidifying his leadership in Iraq.
In 1979, the "countercoup" purges happened. In June 1982, half of the sixteen RCC members who had survived the 1979 "countercoup" were removed from power.
Throughout 1979, a long period of tension between the two countries happened which resulted in war during September 1980, including frequent border skirmishes, calls by Khomeini for the Shia Muslims in Iraq to revolt against the ruling Ba'ath Party, and allegations of Iraqi support for ethnic separatists in Iran.
On April 1, 1980, the Islamic Dawa Party, attempted to assassinate Tariq Aziz, Iraq's then deputy prime minister at the University of Baghdad campus, in retaliation for a 30 March decree declaring "membership of Dawa [to be] a capital offense".
The war in September 1980 was preceded by a long period of tension between Iraq and Iran throughout 1979 and 1980, including frequent border skirmishes. On 10 September 1980, Iraq forcibly reclaimed territories in Zain al-Qaws and Saif Saad that it had been promised under the terms of the 1975 Algiers Agreement but that Iran had never handed over.
In 1980, Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion of Iran, initiating a prolonged and devastating war.
In 1980, Saddam Hussein received a ceremonial key to the city of Detroit after donating nearly half a million dollars to a local church.
In 1980, Saddam Hussein's government granted women full suffrage and the right to run for office.
In 1981, Israel carried out Operation Opera, a surprise attack on Iraq's unfinished Osirak nuclear reactor, with Iranian intelligence support, during the Iran-Iraq war where Israel was one of the main suppliers of military and intelligence support to Iran.
In June 1982, a second round of purges took place in the government, when half of the sixteen RCC members who had survived the 1979 "countercoup" were removed from power. Large numbers of Shias were removed from the regime. Later the government invited back Shi'as to held posts within the government, to gain support.
A few weeks later, he was charged by the Iraqi Special Tribunal with crimes committed against residents of Dujail in 1982, following a failed assassination attempt against him. Specific charges included the murder of 148 people, torture of women and children and the illegal arrest of 399 others.
By 1982, the Soviet Union began supplying Iraq with military aid, marking a shift from its initial refusal based on neutrality in the conflict with Iran.
Foreign observers believed that from 1982, the Department of General Intelligence commanded by Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, operated both at home and abroad in its mission to seek out and eliminate Saddam's perceived opponents.
In 1982, 148 Shia residents in the town of Dujail were killed which led to Saddam Hussein being found guilty of crimes against humanity in November 2006.
In 1982, the United States government supplied Iraq with satellite photos showing Iranian deployments, which may have played a crucial role in blocking the Iranian invasion of Iraq.
According to a report in 1985 by The New York Times: "Iraqi women, historically among the most emancipated in the Arab world, hold jobs in all the professions, dress as they please, vote and hold more than 10 percent of the seats in the National Assembly.
In February 1986, Saddam's government blamed the Iraqi defeat in the First Battle of al-Faw on "misinformation from the U.S."
From 1986 to 1988, in the final years of the Iran-Iraq war, the Soviet Union actively supported Iraq, reversing its initial stance of neutrality and providing military aid.
On 16 March 1988, the Kurdish town of Halabja was attacked with chemical weapons, including mustard gas and nerve agents. The attack killed between 3,200 and 5,000 people, and injured 7,000 to 10,000 more, primarily civilians, during the Anfal campaign.
On 20 July 1988, Iran accepted Resolution 598 of the United Nations Security Council. This acceptance was largely influenced by diminished morale, economic hardship, and the success of Iraq's Tawakalna ala Allah Operations, paving the way for a ceasefire in the Iran-Iraq War.
On 20 August 1988, Iran accepted Resolution 598, signaling a ceasefire, primarily due to a combination of factors including poor morale, economic collapse, and the success of Iraq's Tawakalna ala Allah Operations. This brought the Iran-Iraq war to an end after years of hostilities.
By 1988, in the final years of the Iran-Iraq war (1986–1988), the Soviet Union actively supported Iraq, reversing its initial stance of neutrality and providing military aid.
In 1988, the Anfal campaign, led by Ali Hassan al-Majid, reached its height. This campaign, conducted between 1986 and 1989, targeted the Kurdish population and other ethnic groups in Northern Iraq, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 50,000 to 182,000 people.
On 2 August 1990, Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, initially claiming to assist Kuwaiti revolutionaries, triggering an international crisis. By 28 August, Kuwait was formally declared the 19th Governorate of Iraq.
In 1990, Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, leading to international condemnation and the subsequent Gulf War.
In 1990, following the invasion of Kuwait and the imposition of United Nations sanctions, Iraq's GDP plummeted from US$44.36 billion in 1990 to US$9 billion by 1995 due to blocked Iraqi oil exports. The sanctions also restricted basic medical equipment and supplies from getting into Iraq.
On 16 January 1991, a U.S.-led coalition launched round-the-clock missile and aerial attacks on Iraq. This operation was backed by the Security Council and aimed to liberate Kuwait.
In February 1991, a ground force consisting largely of U.S. and British armored and infantry divisions ejected Saddam's army from Kuwait, occupying the southern portion of Iraq as far as the Euphrates.
In March 1991, the Gulf War concluded with a cease-fire agreement where Iraq agreed to dismantle its poison gas and germ weapons under UN supervision. UN trade sanctions remained until full compliance. Despite the defeat, Saddam Hussein publicly claimed victory. Bush announced a "new world order", emphasizing peace, security, freedom, and the rule of law.
In 1991, Saddam Hussein received the Order of the Mother of Battles for his role in the Gulf War against Kuwait and the United States.
In 1991, Saddam Hussein was awarded the Order of the Two Rivers, Iraq's highest honor, for his "historic role" and "noble services to Iraq". The award was given during his 54th birthday.
In 1991, Saddam Hussein's first term as prime minister of Iraq came to an end.
Until the Gulf War in 1991, Iraq had a more Western orientation following a crackdown on Iraqi Communists in 1978 and a shift of trade toward the West, strained Iraqi relations with the Soviet Union.
In 1992, The United Nations initially offered the Oil-for-Food Programme to Iraq, which Saddam Hussein's government accepted on 9 December 1996.
On 26 June 1993, the U.S. launched a missile attack on Iraq's intelligence headquarters in Baghdad, citing violations of the "no-fly zones" and incursions into Kuwait.
From 1993 through the Faith Campaign, Saddam's regime placed a greater emphasis on Islam in all sectors of Iraqi life.
In 1993, Saddam Hussein initiated the Faith Campaign under the supervision of vice president Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri to gain support from religious communities. Some elements of Sharia law were introduced, and the phrase "Allahu Akbar" was added to the national flag in Saddam's handwriting.
In 1994, Saddam Hussein began his second term as the prime minister of Iraq, a position he held until 2003.
In August 1995, Saddam Hussein's daughters, Raghad and Rana, along with their husbands, Hussein Kamel al-Majid and Saddam Kamel al-Majid, defected to Jordan with their children.
By 1995, Iraq's GDP had plummeted to US$9 billion due to the UN sanctions imposed after the invasion of Kuwait in 1990. Iraq had lost around US$170 billion of oil revenues, and the sanctions restricted basic-medical equipment and supplies from getting into Iraq.
In 1995, the CIA made an attempt to assassinate Saddam Hussein, amid a decade-long effort to encourage a military coup in Iraq.
In the 1995 referendum, Saddam Hussein reportedly received 99.96% of the votes with a 99.47% turnout.
In February 1996, the Kamel brothers were killed in a gunfight with clan members, just three days after returning to Iraq following assurances of a pardon from Saddam Hussein.
On 9 December 1996, Saddam Hussein's government accepted the Oil-for-Food Programme offered by the UN in 1992. This program was designed to ease the economic hardship caused by UN sanctions, which had significantly reduced Iraq's GDP since 1990.
Between 1997 and 1998, crises emerged due to Iraqi resistance to UN access to suspected weapons sites, leading to increased tensions with Western powers.
From 16–19 December 1998, the U.S. and Britain launched intensive missile strikes on Iraq, following Western charges of Iraqi resistance to U.N. access to suspected weapons sites.
In 1999, Saddam Hussein's forces suppressed further uprisings in Iraq, maintaining his grip on power.
In May 2000, Saddam Hussein and his representatives allegedly held secret meetings with the Israeli government, proposing to end Iraq's anti-Israel foreign policy if the issue of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon was resolved; however, this was later denied by the Iraqi government.
By 2000, Iraq's diplomatic isolation with Arab states was diminishing, and the Iraqi economy improved, with its GDP increasing to $23.73 billion.
In 2000, following the outbreak of the Second Intifada, Saddam Hussein openly expressed solidarity with the Palestinians. He also established the Jerusalem Army, a volunteer force, and provided financial assistance to the families of Palestinian victims and militants, directing around 20% of Iraq's oil revenue to Palestinians.
In February 2001, after two years of intermittent activity, U.S. and British warplanes intensified their strikes on sites near Baghdad.
On April 28, 2001, Saddam Hussein marked his 64th birthday with a large, state-sponsored celebration.
In 2001, Saddam Hussein declared on Iraqi state television his support for jihad.
In January 2002, President George W. Bush delivered his state of the union address to Congress, in which he spoke of an "axis of evil" consisting of Iran, North Korea, and Iraq. Bush announced that he would possibly take action to topple the Iraqi government because of the threat of its weapons of mass destruction.
In November 2002, following the passing of UN Security Council Resolution 1441, Saddam Hussein allowed U.N. weapons inspectors led by Hans Blix to return to Iraq. Blix found no stockpiles of WMD during the renewed inspections.
In the 2002 referendum, Saddam Hussein officially achieved 100% of approval votes and 100% turnout, with all 11,445,638 eligible voters reportedly casting a "Yes" vote.
On 24 February 2003, Saddam Hussein gave an interview with CBS News reporter Dan Rather, denying the possession of weapons of mass destruction. He expressed a desire for a televised debate with George W. Bush, which was declined.
In March 2003, the United States-led coalition forces initiated the invasion of Iraq. Within three weeks, the Iraqi government and military collapsed, and by early April, coalition forces occupied much of Iraq.
In April 2003, following the fall of Baghdad, Saddam Hussein's whereabouts were unknown. He released audio tapes promoting popular resistance to his ousting.
On 22 July 2003, Saddam Hussein's sons, Uday and Qusay, and his 14-year-old grandson Mustafa, were killed in a gunfight with U.S. forces in Mosul. He commemorated them as "martyrs" on radio.
On 13 December 2003, Saddam Hussein was captured by American forces in Operation Red Dawn, found hiding in a hole near ad-Dawr, near Tikrit. US administrator Paul Bremer confirmed the capture on 14 December and presented video footage of Saddam in custody.
In 2003, Saddam Hussein was overthrown following the American invasion of Iraq, ending his presidency.
In 2003, a US-led coalition invaded Iraq, leading to the toppling of Saddam Hussein's regime and his subsequent capture.
On 30 June 2004, Saddam Hussein, along with 11 other senior Ba'athist leaders, was transferred from US custody at Camp Cropper to the interim Iraqi government to stand trial for crimes against humanity and other offences.
In November 2006, Saddam Hussein was found guilty of crimes against humanity for the killing of 148 Shia residents in Dujail in 1982 and sentenced to death by hanging. His half-brother, Barzan Ibrahim, and Awad Hamed al-Bandar, were also convicted and sentenced to death.
In December 2006, Saddam Hussein died, marking the end of his life as an Iraqi politician and revolutionary.
On 30 December 2006, Saddam Hussein was executed after being convicted of crimes against humanity by the Iraqi High Tribunal.
On December 30, 2006, Saddam Hussein was executed by hanging at Camp Justice in Baghdad. This occurred despite his request to be executed by firing squad due to his role as commander-in-chief.
On December 31, 2006, Saddam Hussein was buried in Al-Awja, Tikrit, Iraq, 3 km from his sons. Later, in March 2015, his tomb was reportedly destroyed, and his body was moved to a secret location.
In 2007, the documentary movie "Saddam's Tribe" was released, exploring Saddam Hussein's relationship with the Al-Bu Nasir tribe.
In March 2008, a tour of the Baghdad detention facility where Saddam Hussein was held before his execution revealed that he was called "Vic" (Very Important Criminal) by the guards. He maintained a small garden, wrote in a journal, and composed poetry.
In 2008, the TV series "House of Saddam", based on his life, was released.
In March 2015, Saddam Hussein's tomb was reported to have been destroyed. Before its destruction, a Sunni tribal group reportedly moved his body to a secret location.
In July 2016, then US presidential candidate Donald Trump praised Saddam Hussein for militant suppression and stability during his presidency in Iraq.
In 2024, it was announced that Irish actor Barry Keoghan will appear in a new movie about Saddam Hussein.
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