History of Beyoncé in Timeline
Beyoncé Knowles-Carter is a highly influential American singer, songwriter, actress, and businesswoman. Renowned for her vocal talent, musical versatility, captivating live performances, and culturally impactful works, she's a leading artist of the 21st century. With over 200 million records sold, Beyoncé is one of the best-selling musicians of all time.
September 4, 1981: Beyoncé Knowles' Birth
On September 4, 1981, Beyoncé Giselle Knowles, later known as Beyoncé Knowles-Carter, was born. She is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and businesswoman.
1981: Broadway musical Dreamgirls
In 1981, the Broadway musical "Dreamgirls", loosely based on The Supremes, was first released. This musical would later inspire the 2006 film in which Beyoncé starred.
1982: Painting featured in Tiffany's Campaign
In 2021, Tiffany & Co campaign featured a robin egg blue painting by Jean-Michel Basquiat titled Equals Pi from 1982.
1990: Enrollment in Music Magnet School
In the fall of 1990, Beyoncé enrolled in Parker Elementary School, a music magnet school in Houston, where she joined the school's choir.
1992: Launch of the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart
In 1992, the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart was launched, which later became a metric for Beyoncé's success when she tied with Mariah Carey for the most number-ones on the chart in 2010.
October 5, 1995: Signing with Grass Roots Entertainment
On October 5, 1995, Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment signed the group, marking a step forward in their career.
1995: Father becomes manager
In 1995, Beyoncé's father, Mathew, resigned from his job to manage the group, which significantly impacted the family's finances, forcing them to sell assets and move.
1996: Recording Debut Album and Securing Contract with Columbia Records
In 1996, the group began recording their debut album under an agreement with Sony Music, the Knowles family reunited, and shortly after, secured a contract with Columbia Records with the assistance of Columbia talent scout Teresa LaBarbera Whites.
1996: Group Name Change to Destiny's Child
In 1996, the group changed their name to Destiny's Child, inspired by a passage in the Book of Isaiah.
1997: Rise to Fame with Destiny's Child
In 1997, Beyoncé rose to fame as a member of Destiny's Child, a highly successful girl group.
1997: Debut Song on Men in Black Soundtrack
In 1997, Destiny's Child released their major label debut song "Killing Time" on the soundtrack to the film Men in Black.
February 1998: Release of Debut Album
In February 1998, Destiny's Child released their self-titled debut album, establishing them as a viable act in the music industry.
1999: Release of 'The Writing's on the Wall'
In 1999, Destiny's Child released their Multi-Platinum second album The Writing's on the Wall which sold more than eight million copies worldwide and featured songs such as "Bills, Bills, Bills", "Jumpin' Jumpin'" and "Say My Name".
1999: Founding of Coachella Music and Arts Festival
In 1999, the Coachella Music and Arts Festival was founded, which Beyoncé was later scheduled to headline in 2017 before withdrawing due to pregnancy.
2000: "Independent Women Part I" Release
In 2000, Destiny's Child recorded "Independent Women Part I" for the Charlie's Angels soundtrack, which became their best-charting single, topping the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 for eleven consecutive weeks.
May 2001: Release of Survivor Album and Lawsuit
In May 2001, Destiny's Child released their third album Survivor, which debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200. Following its release, Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them.
October 2001: Release of 8 Days of Christmas and Hiatus Announcement
In October 2001, Destiny's Child released their holiday album 8 Days of Christmas and announced a hiatus to pursue solo careers.
2001: Pop Songwriter of the Year award
In 2001, Beyoncé became the first Black woman and second female lyricist to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the ASCAP Pop Music Awards.
July 2002: Theatrical Film Debut in Austin Powers
In July 2002, Beyoncé made her theatrical film debut, playing Foxxy Cleopatra in the comedy film Austin Powers in Goldmember, which topped the U.S. box office.
October 2002: Feature on Jay-Z's "'03 Bonnie & Clyde"
In October 2002, Beyoncé was featured on Jay-Z's song "'03 Bonnie & Clyde," which reached number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart.
2002: Collaboration on "'03 Bonnie & Clyde"
In 2002, Beyoncé and Jay-Z collaborated on the song "'03 Bonnie & Clyde", which appeared on his seventh album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse, with Beyoncé appearing as Jay-Z's girlfriend in the music video, fueling speculation about their relationship.
2002: Started Painting Portraits of Women
In 2002, Beyoncé began painting portraits of women while filming Austin Powers, becoming deeply engrossed in the therapeutic process of painting all night with candles, music, saris, and pillows.
2002: Received Songwriter of the Year Award
In 2002, Beyoncé received the Songwriter of the Year award from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, becoming the first African American woman to win the award.
2002: Acting Debut in Austin Powers
In 2002, Beyoncé ventured into acting, starring in the film Austin Powers in Goldmember.
2002: Publication of Destiny's Style
In 2002, Beyoncé's mother co-wrote a book titled Destiny's Style, an account of how fashion affected the trio's success.
2002: Establishment of Knowles-Rowland Center for Youth
In 2002, Beyoncé, Kelly Rowland, and Tina Knowles established the Knowles-Rowland Center for Youth, a community center in Downtown Houston.
June 14, 2003: Premiere of Solo Album Songs
On June 14, 2003, Beyoncé premiered songs from her first solo album Dangerously in Love during her first solo concert.
June 24, 2003: Release of Dangerously in Love
On June 24, 2003, Beyoncé released her debut solo album, Dangerously in Love, which sold 317,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200.
November 2003: Dangerously in Love Tour
In November 2003, Beyoncé embarked on the Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe, and later, the Verizon Ladies First Tour in North America.
2003: Release of Debut Solo Album
In 2003, Beyoncé released her debut solo album, Dangerously in Love, which achieved significant commercial success.
2003: Starring Role in The Fighting Temptations
In 2003, Beyoncé starred in the musical comedy The Fighting Temptations, receiving mixed reviews but achieving box office success.
2003: Beyoncé Releases Dangerously in Love
In 2003, after Beyoncé released Dangerously In Love, Rihanna said that, "I was like 'wow, I want to be just like that.' She's huge and just an inspiration."
February 1, 2004: Performance at Super Bowl XXXVIII
On February 1, 2004, Beyoncé performed the American national anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII at the Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas.
November 15, 2004: Release of Destiny Fulfilled
On November 15, 2004, Destiny's Child released their final studio album, Destiny Fulfilled, which peaked at number two on the Billboard 200.
2004: Received NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year
In 2004, Beyoncé received the NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year, recognizing her achievements and contributions to the entertainment industry.
2004: Tying Grammy record for female artist
In 2004, Beyoncé tied a record for the most Grammy awards won in a single night by a female artist. She would later break this record at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards.
June 11, 2005: Announcement of Destiny's Child Disbandment
On June 11, 2005, during the last stop of their European tour in Barcelona, Rowland announced that Destiny's Child would disband following the North American leg of the tour.
October 25, 2005: Release of Number 1's Compilation Album
On October 25, 2005, Destiny's Child released their first compilation album Number 1's in the U.S.
2005: Introduction of House of Deréon
In 2005, Beyoncé and her mother introduced House of Deréon, a women's fashion line inspired by three generations of women in their family.
2005: Received APEX Award at Trumpet Award
In 2005, Beyoncé received the APEX Award at the Trumpet Award, honoring the achievements of Black African Americans.
2005: Founding of the Survivor Foundation
In 2005, following Hurricane Katrina, Beyoncé and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing to displaced families, with Beyoncé contributing an initial $250,000.
2005: Controversy over songwriting credits
In a 2005 Vanity Fair cover story, Beyoncé claimed to have "written" several number-one songs for Destiny's Child, contrary to the credits, which list her as a co-writer among others, starting a controversy surrounding her songwriting credits.
March 2006: Destiny's Child Receives Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame
In March 2006, Destiny's Child accepted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
September 4, 2006: Release of B'Day Album
On September 4, 2006, Beyoncé released her second solo album B'Day in the U.S. to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday. It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200.
2006: Golden Globe and NAACP Image Awards Nominations
Following her role in Dreamgirls, Beyoncé was nominated for Best Original Song for "Listen" and Best Actress at the Golden Globe Awards, and Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards in 2006.
2006: Beyoncé in Dreamgirls
In 2006, Beyoncé appeared on the Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack.
2006: Introduction of all-female tour band Suga Mama
In 2006, Beyoncé introduced her all-female tour band, Suga Mama, which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists. Her background singers, The Mamas, consisting of Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick, debuted at the 2006 BET Awards and appeared in the music videos for "Irreplaceable" and "Green Light".
2006: Fashion Rocks concert performance
In 2006, Beyoncé paid homage to Josephine Baker at the Fashion Rocks concert by performing "Déjà Vu" while wearing Baker's signature mini-hula skirt with fake bananas.
2006: Michael Jackson tribute at the World Music Awards
In 2006, Beyoncé presented Michael Jackson with a tribute award at the World Music Awards, stating that she would not have performed if it weren't for him, acknowledging him as a major musical influence since she was five years old.
2006: Release of B'Day Album
In 2006, Beyoncé released her second album, B'Day, which continued her commercial success.
2006: Acting role in The Pink Panther
In 2006, Beyoncé starred in the comedy film "The Pink Panther" alongside Steve Martin, which grossed $158.8 million worldwide. She also acted in "Dreamgirls", which grossed $154 million internationally, and released "Listen" to promote the film.
2006: PETA criticism for fur usage
In 2006, the animal rights organization PETA criticized Beyoncé for wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Deréon.
2006: Entry of "bootylicious" into the Oxford English Dictionary
In 2006, the term "bootylicious," popularized by the single of the same name by Destiny's Child, was added to the Oxford English Dictionary due to its catchiness and association with Beyoncé's curves.
April 2007: The Beyoncé Experience Tour
In April 2007, Beyoncé embarked on "The Beyoncé Experience", her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues and grossing over $24 million. She also conducted pre-concert food donation drives and re-released her album B'Day with five additional songs, including "Beautiful Liar" with Shakira.
June 2007: Forbes Reported on Beyoncé's Earnings
In June 2007, Forbes magazine began reporting on Beyoncé's earnings.
2007: Grammy Nominations and Win for B'Day
At the 49th Annual Grammy Awards in 2007, B'Day was nominated for five Grammy Awards, winning Best Contemporary R&B Album.
2007: Claiming conception of 'Bootylicious' musical idea
During a 2007 interview with Barbara Walters, Beyoncé claimed to have conceived the musical idea for the Destiny's Child song "Bootylicious", provoking the song's producer Rob Fusari to protest the claim.
2007: Establishment of Knowles-Temenos Place Apartments
In 2007, Beyoncé founded the Knowles-Temenos Place Apartments, a housing complex offering living space for displaced individuals.
2007: Received International Artist of Excellence Award
In 2007, Beyoncé received the International Artist of Excellence award by the American Music Awards and the Honorary Otto at the Bravo Otto.
2007: Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue cover and best-dressed celebrity
In 2007, Beyoncé was featured on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue and recognized as the best-dressed celebrity by People magazine.
2007: Race and image criticism
In 2007, Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote that he thinks race plays a role in many criticisms of Beyoncé's image, saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments.
2007: The Beyoncé Experience tour
In 2007, the all-female band, Suga Mama, supported Beyoncé in The Beyoncé Experience concert tour.
January 2008: Launch of Beyoncé Fashion Diva Mobile Game
In January 2008, Starwave Mobile launched Beyoncé Fashion Diva, a mobile game featuring the House of Deréon collection.
April 4, 2008: Marriage to Jay-Z
On April 4, 2008, Beyoncé and Jay-Z married without publicity.
June 2008: Beyoncé Named World's Best-Paid Music Personality
Between June 2007 and June 2008, Beyoncé earned $80 million from her music, tours, films, and clothing line, making her the world's best-paid music personality at the time, surpassing Madonna and Celine Dion.
November 2008: Release of I Am... Sasha Fierce
In November 2008, Beyoncé released "I Am... Sasha Fierce", formally introducing her alter ego, Sasha Fierce. The album debuted atop the Billboard 200 and featured the hit singles "If I Were a Boy" and "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)". "Halo" also became her longest-running Hot 100 single.
2008: Starring as Etta James in Cadillac Records
In 2008, Beyoncé expanded her acting career by starring as blues singer Etta James in the musical biopic "Cadillac Records". Her performance received praise, and she donated her salary from the film to Phoenix House. She also starred in the thriller "Obsessed".
2008: Introduction of Sasha Fierce
In 2008, Beyoncé introduced her alter ego, Sasha Fierce, with the release of her album I Am... Sasha Fierce, conceived during the making of "Crazy in Love", to separate her onstage persona from her real self.
2008: Release of 'I Am... Sasha Fierce'
In 2008, Beyoncé released the album 'I Am... Sasha Fierce,' which featured hit singles.
2008: Accusations of skin whitening in L'Oréal advertisements
In 2008, the French personal care company L'Oréal was accused of whitening Beyoncé's skin in Feria hair color advertisements, which the company denied.
March 2009: I Am... Tour Launch
In March 2009, Beyoncé embarked on the "I Am... Tour", her second headlining worldwide concert tour, consisting of 108 shows, grossing $119.5 million.
July 2009: Launch of Sasha Fierce for Deréon
In July 2009, Beyoncé and her mother launched a junior apparel label, Sasha Fierce for Deréon, for back-to-school selling.
2009: "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" Won Video of the Year
In 2009, "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" by Beyoncé won Video of the Year at the MTV Video Music Awards.
2009: Highest-Earning Power Couple
In 2009, Beyoncé and Jay-Z made it into the Guinness World Records as the "highest-earning power couple" for collectively earning $122 million.
2009: Performance at Barack Obama's inauguration
In 2009, Beyoncé performed "America the Beautiful" at President Barack Obama's presidential inauguration, as well as "At Last" during the first inaugural dance.
2009: Starring Role in Obsessed
In 2009, Beyoncé starred in the film Obsessed, further expanding her acting career.
2009: Named Top Female Artist and Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade
In 2009, Billboard named Beyoncé the Top Female Artist and Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade, recognizing her significant impact on the music industry during the 2000s.
2009: Ranked Fourth on Celebrity 100 List
In 2009, Forbes placed Beyoncé fourth on the Celebrity 100 list, highlighting her financial success and influence.
2009: Donation to Phoenix House and Establishment of Cosmetology Center
In 2009, after starring in Cadillac Records, Beyoncé donated her full $4 million salary to Phoenix House and established the Beyoncé Cosmetology Center to help clients gain career skills during recovery.
2009: I Am... Tour
In 2009, the all-female band, Suga Mama, supported Beyoncé in the I Am... Tour.
January 2010: Hiatus from Music Career
In January 2010, Beyoncé announced a hiatus from her music career, following her mother's advice. During this break, she parted ways with her father as a business partner and traveled extensively.
January 2010: Participation in Hope for Haiti Now Telethon
In January 2010, Beyoncé participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's Hope for Haiti Now telethon, donated to the organization, and became the face of the CFDA's "Fashion For Haiti" T-shirt.
February 2010: Retirement of Sasha Fierce
In February 2010, Beyoncé announced in an interview with Allure magazine that she no longer needed Sasha Fierce, feeling comfortable enough with herself.
September 2010: Runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's fashion show
In September 2010, Beyoncé made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show.
2010: Miscarriage
Around 2010, Beyoncé experienced a miscarriage, which she described as "the saddest thing" she had ever endured.
2010: Collaboration with Lady Gaga on Telephone
In 2010, Beyoncé provided guest vocals on Lady Gaga's single "Telephone", which topped the U.S. Pop Songs chart. This achievement tied Beyoncé and Gaga with Mariah Carey for the most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992.
2010: Received Award of Honor for Artist of the Decade
In 2010, Beyoncé received the Award of Honor for Artist of the Decade at the NRJ Music Award.
2010: "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" Won Song of the Year
In 2010, Beyoncé's "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" won Song of the Year at the Grammy Awards, solidifying her success and influence in the music industry. Beyoncé also set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards.
2010: Named in Billboard's Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists
In 2010, Billboard named Beyoncé in their Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years list at number 15, acknowledging her influence in the genre.
2010: Ranked Ninth on Most Powerful Women List
In 2010, Forbes ranked Beyoncé ninth on the "Most Powerful Women in the World" list, recognizing her significant impact and influence beyond the music industry.
2010: Beyoncé Tied the Record for Most VMAs Won in One Night
In 2010, Lady Gaga set the record for the most VMAs won in one night for a female artist, a record that Beyoncé tied in 2016.
2010: Knowles' explanation about Beyonce's Songwriting
In 2010, Rob Fusari was explained by Mathew Knowles: "People don't want to hear about Rob Fusari... What sells records is people believing that the artist is everything."
February 2011: Launch of Heat Rush Fragrance
In February 2011, Beyoncé launched her second fragrance, Heat Rush.
April 2011: Pregnancy during album cover shoot
In April 2011, Beyoncé and Jay-Z traveled to Paris to shoot the album cover for 4, where she unexpectedly became pregnant.
April 2011: Collaboration with Michelle Obama on Anti-Obesity Campaign
In April 2011, Beyoncé collaborated with Michelle Obama and the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation to boost the campaign against child obesity by reworking her single "Get Me Bodied".
May 2011: Billboard listing as a Top Songwriter
In May 2011, Billboard magazine listed Beyoncé at number 17 on their list of the Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
June 26, 2011: Headlining Glastonbury Festival
On June 26, 2011, Beyoncé became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years. Her fourth studio album, "4", was released two days prior.
August 1, 2011: Album 4 Certified Platinum
On August 1, 2011, Beyoncé's album "4" was certified platinum by the RIAA, having shipped 1 million copies to retail stores.
August 29, 2011: Pregnancy announcement at MTV Video Music Awards
On August 29, 2011, at the MTV Video Music Awards, Beyoncé revealed she was pregnant after performing "Love On Top", leading to a Guinness World Record for tweets per second and becoming the most Googled phrase of the week.
September 2011: Launch of Pulse Fragrance
In September 2011, Beyoncé launched her third fragrance, Pulse.
2011: Received Inaugural Billboard Millennium Award
At the 2011 Billboard Music Awards, Beyoncé received the inaugural Billboard Millennium Award.
2011: Runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's fashion show
Beyoncé made her runway modelling debut in September 2010 at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show.
2011: Beyoncé's Average Earnings
From 2009 to 2011, Beyoncé earned an average of $70 million per year.
2011: Release of '4' Album
In 2011, Beyoncé released her album '4', featuring popular singles.
January 7, 2012: Birth of Blue Ivy
On January 7, 2012, Beyoncé gave birth to her daughter, Blue Ivy, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City.
January 2012: Horse-Fly Species Named After Beyoncé
In January 2012, research scientist Bryan Lessard named Scaptia beyonceae, a species of horse-fly found in Northern Queensland, Australia, after Beyoncé due to the fly's unique golden hairs on its abdomen.
May 2012: Return of Sasha Fierce
In May 2012, Beyoncé announced that she would bring back her alter ego, Sasha Fierce, for her Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live shows later that month.
December 2012: Participation in "Demand A Plan" video campaign
In December 2012, Beyoncé teamed up with other celebrities to produce a video campaign for "Demand A Plan", a bipartisan effort designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws.
2012: Adele Equaled Beyoncé's Grammy Record
In 2012, Adele equaled Beyoncé's record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night, highlighting the competitive landscape in the music industry.
2012: Beyoncé and Jay-Z Ranked as World's Highest-Paid Celebrity Couple
In 2012, Beyoncé and Jay-Z were ranked as the number one "World's Highest-Paid Celebrity Couples", for collectively earning $78 million.
2012: Ambassador for World Humanitarian Day Campaign
In 2012, Beyoncé became an ambassador for the World Humanitarian Day campaign, donating her song "I Was Here" and its music video to the campaign.
2012: Named "Hottest Female Singer of All Time" by Complex
In 2012, Beyoncé was named the "Hottest Female Singer of All Time" by Complex.
2012: Beyoncé Placed at Number 16 on the Celebrity 100 List
In 2012, Forbes placed Beyoncé at number 16 on the Celebrity 100 list, despite a drop from previous years, she still earned $40 million from her album "4", clothing line, and endorsement deals.
2012: Ranked Third on VH1's 100 Greatest Women in Music
In 2012, VH1 ranked Beyoncé third on their list of the "100 Greatest Women in Music", placing her behind Mariah Carey and Madonna.
January 2013: Performance at Obama's second inauguration
In January 2013, Beyoncé performed the American national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner" at President Barack Obama's second inauguration.
January 2013: Performing at President Obama's Inauguration
In January 2013, Beyoncé performed the American national anthem at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C., singing along with a pre-recorded track.
January 2013: GQ cover and "100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century" list
In January 2013, GQ placed Beyoncé on its cover, featuring her atop its "100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century" list.
March 26, 2013: Public endorsement of same-sex marriage
On March 26, 2013, Beyoncé publicly endorsed same-sex marriage after the Supreme Court debate on California's Proposition 8.
April 2013: Sampling of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's TEDx talk
In April 2013, Beyoncé sampled "We should all be feminists", a speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDx talk, in her song "Flawless".
April 2013: Pepsi Endorsement Campaign
In April 2013, NetBase reported that Beyoncé's Pepsi endorsement campaign was highly talked about with a 70 percent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads.
June 1, 2013: Chime for Change Concert in London
On June 1, 2013, a concert for the Gucci "Chime for Change" campaign, which aims to spread female empowerment, took place in London with Beyoncé's support.
June 2013: Settlement Regarding Cancelled Video Game
In June 2013, Beyoncé's lawyers settled out of court regarding the cancelled video game Starpower: Beyoncé, stating GateFive lost its financial backers leading to the cancellation.
June 2013: Start of Earning Period for Number One Ranking
June 2013 marked the beginning of the period where Beyoncé earned an estimated $115 million, leading to her ranking at number one on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list in June 2014.
December 13, 2013: Surprise Release of Beyoncé Album
On December 13, 2013, Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement, which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. She became the first woman in the chart's history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one.
2013: Attendance at rally for Trayvon Martin
In 2013, Beyoncé and Jay-Z attended a rally in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the killing of Trayvon Martin.
2013: Release of 'Beyoncé' Visual Album
In 2013, Beyoncé released her self-titled visual album 'Beyoncé', exploring personal and political themes.
2013: Pressure on H&M for natural images
In 2013, Beyoncé reportedly pressured H&M to use "only natural pictures" instead of retouching images in a campaign.
2013: Beyoncé album success
In 2013, Beyoncé sold 2.3 million units worldwide of her self-titled album, becoming the tenth best-selling album of the year according to the IFPI.
2013: Tying DMX record
In 2013, Beyoncé tied with DMX for the record of most albums debuting atop the chart.
2013: Earnings in 2013
In 2013, Forbes reported that Beyoncé was the top-earning woman in music for the second year in a row, earning $115 million in the year, more than double her earnings in 2013.
2013: Release of The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition of Heat
In 2013, a limited edition version of Heat, called The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition, was released.
2013: The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour
In 2013, the all-female band, Suga Mama, supported Beyoncé in The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour.
2013: Relationship becomes more public
Since 2013, Beyoncé and Jay-Z have appeared to become more relaxed about their private relationship.
March 2014: End of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour
In March 2014, Beyoncé's "The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour" concluded after 132 dates, becoming one of the most successful tours of her career.
April 2014: Announcement of On the Run Tour
In April 2014, Beyoncé and Jay-Z officially announced their "On the Run Tour", their first co-headlining stadium tour together.
April 2014: Combined record sales with Jay-Z
As of April 2014, Beyoncé and Jay-Z had sold a combined 300 million records together.
June 2014: Beyoncé Ranked Number One on Forbes Celebrity 100 List
In June 2014, Beyoncé ranked at number one on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list, earning an estimated $115 million between June 2013 and June 2014.
August 24, 2014: Receiving the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award
On August 24, 2014, Beyoncé received the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the MTV Video Music Awards and also won three competitive awards for "Pretty Hurts" and "Drunk in Love".
October 2014: Deal with Topshop for Activewear Line
In October 2014, Beyoncé signed a deal with Topshop to launch an activewear line of clothing.
November 2014: Sales of Beyoncé album
As of November 2014, Beyoncé's self-titled album had sold over 5 million copies worldwide.
2014: Beyonce is the second-most award-winning artist of all time
According to Fuse in 2014, Beyoncé is the second-most award-winning artist of all time, after Michael Jackson.
2014: Received Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award
In 2014, Beyoncé received the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the MTV Video Music Awards and was honored as Honorary Mother of the Year at the Australian Mother of the Year Award in Barnardo's Australia.
2014: The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour
In 2014, the all-female band, Suga Mama, supported Beyoncé in The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour.
February 2015: Grammy Awards
At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyoncé won three awards for Best R&B Performance, Best R&B Song for "Drunk in Love", and Best Surround Sound Album for "Beyoncé".
March 2015: Co-ownership of Tidal
In March 2015, Beyoncé became a co-owner of the music streaming service Tidal, which specializes in lossless audio and high definition music videos.
March 2015: Streams of Beyoncé album
As of March 2015, Beyoncé's self-titled album had generated over 1 billion streams.
May 2015: Attendance at Hillary Clinton fundraiser
In May 2015, Beyoncé attended a major celebrity fundraiser for 2016 presidential nominee Hillary Clinton.
February 6, 2016: Release of Formation and Super Bowl Performance
On February 6, 2016, Beyoncé released "Formation" and performed it live for the first time during the NFL Super Bowl 50 halftime show, which was considered controversial. Following the performance, she announced The Formation World Tour.
April 2016: Launch of Ivy Park
In April 2016, Beyoncé launched her activewear line, Ivy Park, in partnership with Topshop.
April 2016: Release of Lemonade
In April 2016, Beyoncé released a teaser clip for Lemonade, a one-hour film which aired on HBO on April 23, and a corresponding album with the same title was released exclusively on Tidal. Lemonade debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, making Beyoncé the first act in Billboard history to have their first six studio albums debut atop the chart.
June 2016: Donation to United Way of Genesee County
In June 2016, Beyoncé donated over $82,000 to the United Way of Genesee County to support victims of the Flint water crisis, and additionally donated money to support 14 students in Michigan with their college expenses.
August 2016: Donation to Civil Rights Groups and the Usain Bolt Foundation
In August 2016, Beyoncé and Jay-Z donated $1.5 million to civil rights groups including Black Lives Matter, Hands Up United and Dream Defenders. They also donated $15 million to the Usain Bolt Foundation to support rebuilding homes in Haiti after Hurricane Matthew.
2016: Donation for Maintenance of Knowles-Temenos Place Apartments
As of 2016, Beyoncé had donated $7 million for the maintenance of the Knowles-Temenos Place Apartments.
2016: Beyoncé Was The Highest-Paid Musician
Beyonce was the highest-paid musician of 2016.
2016: Speculations about Jay-Z's infidelity
Following the release of Lemonade, in 2016 speculations arose about Jay-Z's alleged infidelity with a mistress referred to as "Becky".
2016: Lemonade's Critical Acclaim and VMA Wins
In 2016, "Lemonade" became the most critically acclaimed work of Beyoncé's career, receiving numerous accolades and topping best-of lists. It was nominated for 11 categories at the MTV Video Music Awards, winning 8, including Video of the Year for "Formation", making Beyoncé the most-awarded artist in VMA history.
2016: Performance for Hillary Clinton
In 2016, Beyoncé headlined for Hillary Clinton in a concert held the weekend before Election Day, with Beyoncé and her backup dancers wearing pantsuits and "I'm with her" tee shirts.
2016: Ranked 34th on Forbes Celebrity 100 List
In 2016, Beyoncé ranked at number 34 on the Celebrity 100 list with earnings of $54 million. She and Jay-Z also topped the highest-paid celebrity couple list, with combined earnings of $107.5 million.
2016: Release of Lemonade Album
In 2016, Beyoncé released the album Lemonade, which explored personal and political themes and was the best-selling album worldwide that year.
2016: Response to controversy surrounding "Formation"
In 2016, Beyoncé responded to the controversy surrounding her song "Formation", clarifying that she is against police brutality and injustice.
2016: Opposition to North Carolina's Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act
In 2016, Beyoncé spoke against North Carolina's Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act during her concert in Raleigh as part of the Formation World Tour.
2016: Honored with Fashion Icon Award
In 2016, Beyoncé was honored with the Council of Fashion Designers of America Fashion Icon Award, recognizing her influence and impact on the fashion industry.
2016: Named on BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour Power List
In 2016, Beyoncé was named on the BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour Power List as one of seven women judged to have had the biggest impact on women's lives over the past 70 years.
2016: "Formation" Won Video of the Year
In 2016, Beyoncé's "Formation" won Video of the Year at the MTV Video Music Awards. Beyoncé tied the record set by Lady Gaga in 2010 for the most VMAs won in one night for a female artist with eight in 2016.
2016: The Formation World Tour
In 2016, the all-female band, Suga Mama, supported Beyoncé in The Formation World Tour.
2016: Fusari's acknowledgement of Beyoncé's 'Bootylicious' concept
In a 2016 interview for Entertainment Weekly, Rob Fusari said Beyoncé "had the 'Bootylicious' concept in her head. That was totally her."
January 2017: Announced as Coachella Headliner
In January 2017, Beyoncé was announced as a headliner for the Coachella Music and Arts Festival, which would have made her only the second female headliner since the festival was founded in 1999.
February 1, 2017: Announcement of pregnancy with twins
On February 1, 2017, Beyoncé revealed on her Instagram account that she was expecting twins, breaking the world record for the most liked image on the website at the time.
February 2017: Grammy Awards for Lemonade and Formation
At the 59th Grammy Awards in February 2017, Beyoncé's album "Lemonade" led the nominations with nine and won two, including Best Urban Contemporary Album for "Lemonade" and Best Music Video for "Formation".
February 2017: Support for transgender students
In February 2017, Beyoncé spoke out against the withdrawal of protections for transgender students in public schools by Donald Trump's presidential administration.
February 23, 2017: Withdrawal from Coachella Performance
On February 23, 2017, it was announced that Beyoncé would no longer be able to perform at the Coachella Music and Arts Festival due to doctor's concerns regarding her pregnancy. She would instead headline the 2018 festival.
June 13, 2017: Birth of twins Rumi and Sir
On June 13, 2017, Beyoncé gave birth to twins, a daughter named Rumi and a son named Sir, at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in California via caesarean section.
July 13, 2017: First image of twins on Instagram
On July 13, 2017, Beyoncé uploaded the first image of herself and the twins onto her Instagram account, confirming their birth date as June 13, 2017, with the post becoming the second most liked on Instagram.
July 2017: Beyoncé Named Highest-Paid Musician of 2016
In July 2017, Billboard announced that Beyoncé was the highest-paid musician of 2016, with an estimated total of $62.1 million.
August 2017: Launch of BeyGOOD Houston
In August 2017, Beyoncé launched BeyGOOD Houston to support those affected by Hurricane Harvey in Houston. The organization donated necessities and funded revitalization projects.
September 2017: Collaboration on "Mi Gente" remix and hurricane relief donation
In September 2017, Beyoncé collaborated with J Balvin and Willy William to release a remix of "Mi Gente." She donated all proceeds from the song to hurricane charities, aiding those affected by Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma in Texas, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and other Caribbean Islands.
December 1, 2017: Release of "Perfect Duet" with Ed Sheeran
On December 1, 2017, "Perfect Duet", a remix of Ed Sheeran's song "Perfect" featuring Beyoncé, was released. The song reached number one in the United States, marking Beyoncé's sixth solo number-one song.
2017: Lemonade Won a Peabody Award
In 2017, Beyoncé's album Lemonade won a Peabody Award, recognizing its artistic merit and cultural impact.
January 4, 2018: Release of "Family Feud" music video
On January 4, 2018, the music video for "Family Feud", Beyoncé and Jay-Z's collaboration from the album 4:44, was released. The video was directed by Ava DuVernay.
April 14, 2018: Beyoncé's historic Coachella performance
On April 14, 2018, Beyoncé headlined the Coachella Music Festival, delivering a performance that was widely praised as historic and one of the greatest concert performances of all time. The performance paid tribute to black culture and featured a Destiny's Child reunion. The YouTube livestream was the most watched of all time.
June 6, 2018: On the Run II Tour kickoff
On June 6, 2018, Beyoncé and Jay-Z commenced the On the Run II Tour in Cardiff, United Kingdom.
September 2018: Vogue cover and pregnancy reflections
Beyoncé wrote of her pregnancy and its aftermath in the September 2018 issue of Vogue, in which she had full control of the cover, shot at Hammerwood Park by photographer Tyler Mitchell.
December 2, 2018: Headlining the Global Citizen Festival: Mandela 100
On December 2, 2018, Beyoncé and Jay-Z headlined the Global Citizen Festival: Mandela 100 in Johannesburg, South Africa. Beyoncé was praised for her outfits paying tribute to Africa's diversity.
2018: Forbes Calculated Beyoncé's Net Worth
As of 2018, Forbes calculated Beyoncé's net worth to be $355 million, and in June of the same year, ranked her as the 35th-highest-earning celebrity, with annual earnings of $60 million.
2018: Postponement of Coachella performance
Due to her pregnancy in 2017, Beyoncé was scheduled to perform at Coachella in 2018.
2018: Endorsement of Beto O'Rourke
In 2018, Beyoncé endorsed the bid of Beto O'Rourke during the United States Senate election in Texas.
2018: Focus of Homecoming documentary on Coachella Performances
In 2018, Beyoncé's historic Coachella performances became the focus of the documentary and concert film, Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé.
2018: Included on Rolling Stone's Millennial 100 List
In 2018, Rolling Stone included Beyoncé on its Millennial 100 list, recognizing her influence on the millennial generation.
February 2019: Chloe x Halle Super Bowl LIII Performance
In February 2019, Chloe x Halle, artists signed to Beyoncé's Parkwood Entertainment, performed at Super Bowl LIII.
April 17, 2019: Release of Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé on Netflix
On April 17, 2019, Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé, a documentary and concert film focusing on Beyoncé's 2018 Coachella performances, was released on Netflix. The film was accompanied by the surprise live album Homecoming: The Live Album.
July 11, 2019: Release of The Lion King soundtrack featuring Beyoncé
On July 11, 2019, Beyoncé was featured on The Lion King soundtrack, with a remake of "Can You Feel the Love Tonight".
July 2019: Voice of Nala in The Lion King remake
In July 2019, Beyoncé voiced the character Nala in the remake of The Lion King.
2019: Received NAACP Image Award and Soul Train Music Award
In 2019, Beyoncé received the NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year and the Soul Train Music Award for Sammy Davis Jr. – Entertainer of the Year, highlighting her continued success and influence.
2019: Voicing Nala in The Lion King
In 2019, Beyoncé voiced the character Nala in The Lion King.
January 2020: Ivy Park featured on Elle Magazine
In January 2020, the Ivy Park collection was previewed on the upcoming Elle January 2020 issue, where Beyoncé is seen wearing several garments, accessories and footwear from the first collection.
April 2020: Donation to Mental Health Organizations and COVID-19 Relief Efforts
In April 2020, Beyoncé donated $6 million to the National Alliance in Mental Health, UCLA, and community organizations for mental health services for essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. BeyGOOD also provided resources to communities of color and Beyoncé released a remix of Megan Thee Stallion's "Savage", with all proceeds benefiting Bread of Life Houston's COVID-19 relief efforts.
April 2020: Featured on "Savage" remix
In April 2020, Beyoncé was featured on the remix of Megan Thee Stallion's song "Savage", which became her eleventh song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100.
May 2020: Free COVID-19 Testing in Houston
In May 2020, Beyoncé provided 1,000 free COVID-19 tests in Houston as part of her and her mother's #IDidMyPart initiative, along with gloves, masks, meals, vitamins, vouchers, and household items.
June 19, 2020: Release of "Black Parade"
On June 19, 2020, Beyoncé released the nonprofit charity single "Black Parade".
July 2020: Establishment of Black-Owned Small Business Impact Fund
In July 2020, Beyoncé established the Black-Owned Small Business Impact Fund in partnership with the NAACP, offering $10,000 grants to black-owned small businesses. All proceeds from Beyoncé's single "Black Parade" were donated to the fund.
July 31, 2020: Premiere of Black Is King visual album
On July 31, 2020, Black Is King, a visual album based on the music of The Lion King: The Gift, premiered globally on Disney+. The film was written, directed, and executively produced by Beyoncé.
September 2020: Additional Donation to Black-Owned Small Business Impact Fund
In September 2020, Beyoncé announced that she had donated an additional $1 million to the Black-Owned Small Business Impact Fund.
October 2020: Support for End SARS Movement in Nigeria
In October 2020, Beyoncé released a statement that she has been working with the Feminist Coalition to assist supporters of the End SARS movement in Nigeria, including covering medical and legal fees, and providing necessities. Beyoncé also showed support for those fighting against other issues in Africa.
November 2020: Partnership with Peloton
In November 2020, Beyoncé formed a multi-year partnership with Peloton to celebrate homecoming season in historically black colleges and universities, providing themed workout experiences inspired by her 2019 Homecoming film and live album.
December 2020: Donation to Alleviate Housing Crisis in the U.S.
In December 2020, Beyoncé donated $500,000 to help alleviate the housing crisis in the U.S. caused by the cessation of the eviction moratorium, giving 100 $5,000 grants to individuals and families facing foreclosures and evictions.
2020: Release of Black Is King
In 2020, Beyoncé starred in and released Black Is King, adding to her filmography.
2020: Awarded the BET Humanitarian Award
In 2020, Beyoncé was awarded the BET Humanitarian Award for her philanthropic efforts and contributions to social causes.
2020: Named Most Powerful Woman in Music
In 2020, Beyoncé was named the Most Powerful Woman in Music on the BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour Power List.
2020: Boy, Bye Used as Part of Campaign
In 2020, Beyoncé's coined phrase "boy, bye" was used as part of the Democratic National Committee's campaign for the election.
December 31, 2020: Black-Owned Small Business Impact Fund Update
As of December 31, 2020, the Black-Owned Small Business Impact Fund had given 715 grants to black-owned small businesses, amounting to $7.15 million donated.
June 2021: Inducted into Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame
Also in June 2021, Beyoncé was inducted into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame as a member of the inaugural class, honoring her contributions and influence in the Black music and entertainment community.
June 2021: Won Top Touring Artist of the Decade Award
In June 2021, Beyoncé won the award of "top touring artist" of the decade (2010s) at the Pollstar Awards, recognizing her success and impact as a live performer.
2021: Partnership with Tiffany & Co.
In 2021, Beyoncé and Jay-Z partnered with Tiffany & Co. for the company's "About Love" campaign. Beyoncé wore the Tiffany Yellow Diamond, leading to backlash due to its association with blood diamonds and British colonialism.
2021: Recording "Be Alive" for King Richard and Oscar Nomination
In 2021, Beyoncé wrote and recorded the song "Be Alive" for the film King Richard, receiving her first Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song.
March 27, 2022: Performance of "Be Alive" at the Academy Awards
On March 27, 2022, Beyoncé performed "Be Alive" at the 94th Academy Awards, choosing to perform on the Compton tennis courts where Venus and Serena Williams practiced in their childhood.
June 9, 2022: Social media profile picture removal sparks speculation
On June 9, 2022, Beyoncé removed her profile pictures across social media platforms, sparking speculation about new music.
June 15, 2022: Announcement of Renaissance album
On June 15, 2022, Beyoncé officially announced her seventh studio album, titled Renaissance.
June 20, 2022: Release of "Break My Soul"
On June 20, 2022, Beyoncé released "Break My Soul", the lead single from her upcoming album Renaissance.
July 29, 2022: Release of Renaissance album
On July 29, 2022, Beyoncé released her seventh studio album, Renaissance.
2022: "Be Alive" Was Nominated for Academy Award
In 2022, "Be Alive" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, adding to Beyoncé's list of accolades.
2022: Release of Renaissance Album
In 2022, Beyoncé released the queer-inspired dance album Renaissance, the first part of a trilogy.
January 21, 2023: Private show in Dubai
On January 21, 2023, Beyoncé performed a private show in Dubai, her first full concert in over four years, for which she was reportedly paid $24 million. The performance faced criticism due to the United Arab Emirates' laws against homosexuality.
February 2023: Report of Financial Struggles for Ivy Park Line
In February 2023, The Wall Street Journal reported that the Ivy Park line was struggling financially, with revenue falling by more than 50%.
March 2023: "Renaissance Couture" Collection with Balmain
In March 2023, Olivier Rousteing and Beyoncé collaborated on a couture collection with sixteen looks corresponding to the sixteen tracks on her album Renaissance, marking the first time a Black woman oversaw a Parisian couture house collection.
November 30, 2023: Release of Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé
On November 30, 2023, Beyoncé released the documentary concert film Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé, which she wrote, directed, and produced. The film chronicles the development and execution of the Renaissance World Tour and featured a new song, "My House".
December 2023: Forbes Estimated Beyoncé's Net Worth at $800 Million
By December 2023, Forbes estimated Beyoncé's net worth to be $800 million, marking a significant increase from previous years.
2023: Couple Bought House in Malibu for $200 Million
In 2023, Beyoncé and Jay-Z purchased a house in Malibu, California, designed by architect Tadao Ando, for $200 million, setting a record for the most expensive residence sold in the state of California.
2023: Ranking on Rolling Stone's list of 200 Greatest Singers
In 2023, Beyoncé ranked at number 8 on Rolling Stone's list of the 200 Greatest Singers of all time.
February 11, 2024: Announcement and release of "Texas Hold 'Em" and "16 Carriages"
On February 11, 2024, following a Super Bowl LVIII commercial with Verizon, Beyoncé announced the second installment of her trilogy project and released its first two songs, "Texas Hold 'Em" and "16 Carriages."
February 2024: Cécred Hair Care Line Launch and BeyGood Grant
In February 2024, Beyoncé launched Cécred, a hair care product line, and established an annual grant with BeyGood to financially support cosmetology students and hair stylists, providing $500,000 yearly across five cities.
February 2024: Launch of Cécred hair care brand
In February 2024, Beyoncé launched her hair care brand, Cécred.
March 12, 2024: Announcement of Cowboy Carter album
On March 12, 2024, Beyoncé announced the title of her upcoming album as Cowboy Carter.
July 2024: Permission to use "Freedom" for Kamala Harris' campaign
In July 2024, Beyoncé gave Vice President Kamala Harris permission to use Lemonade promotional single "Freedom" as the official song for her 2024 presidential campaign.
July 2024: Promotional commercials for the Summer Olympics in Paris
In July 2024, NBC released two promotional commercials featuring Beyoncé for their coverage of the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. Set to Cowboy Carter songs "Ya Ya" and "Just For Fun", she introduced the entire USA Olympic Team and Gold-medal gymnast Simone Biles, respectively.
September 2024: Partnership with Levi Strauss & Co.
In September 2024, Beyoncé partnered with Levi Strauss & Co. to remake a classic '80s 'Launderette' campaign. The advertising campaign aims to enhance sales in the women's clothing segment.
October 2024: Endorsement of Kamala Harris for president
In October 2024, Beyoncé, alongside her mother Tina and Kelly Rowland endorsed Kamala Harris for president at a campaign rally in her hometown of Houston.
October 2024: Levi's "Reiimagine" campaign
In October 2024, Levi's launched a four-part global campaign with Beyoncé titled "Reiimagine", focused on women's history of the company, using the Cowboy Carter track "Levii's Jeans".
December 2024: Reprising role as Nala and headlining the NFL Christmas Gameday Halftime Show
In December 2024, Beyoncé reprised her role as Nala for Mufasa: The Lion King, and she headlined the first ever NFL Christmas Gameday Halftime Show performing songs from Cowboy Carter.
2024: Release of Cowboy Carter Album
In 2024, Beyoncé released Cowboy Carter, an Americana epic highlighting Black pioneers in American musical and cultural history, as part of an ongoing trilogy project.
2024: Voicing Nala in Mufasa: The Lion King
In 2024, Beyoncé voiced the character Nala in Mufasa: The Lion King.
February 1, 2025: Announcement of Cowboy Carter Tour
On February 1, 2025, the Cowboy Carter Tour was announced.
Mentioned in this timeline
Lady Gaga born Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta is a highly...
Pepsi is a cola-flavored carbonated soft drink and the flagship...
Adidas AG is a German multinational corporation the largest sportswear...
H M or Hennes Mauritz AB is a Swedish multinational...
Home Box Office HBO is a flagship American pay television...
Instagram is a photo and video-sharing social networking service owned...
Trending
7 minutes ago US Reduces Tariffs on Small China Parcels: Impact on Shein and Temu
7 minutes ago Halle Bailey Embraces 'Mom Bod' After Son Halo's Birth, Shuts Down Snapback Pressure.
8 minutes ago Cricket Malawi's Arjun Menon Murdered: Police Investigate Former Singapore Cricketer's Death
1 hour ago Mara Brock Akil's 'Forever': Exploring Black Love and Judy Blume's Controversial Novel
1 hour ago Khachanov to Face Alcaraz in Rome: A Major Test Looms at Italian Open.
1 hour ago Boston Councilor Tania Fernandes Anderson Faces Removal Debate After Guilty Plea.
Popular
Pope Francis is the current head of the Catholic Church...
Cristiano Ronaldo often nicknamed CR is a highly decorated Portuguese...
Michael Jordan also known as MJ is an American businessman...
LeBron James nicknamed King James is a professional basketball player...
Charlie Kirk is an American conservative political activist author and...
Bill Gates is an American businessman and philanthropist who co-founded...