Istanbul is Turkey's largest city and its economic, cultural, and historical heart. Situated on both sides of the Bosporus Strait, it bridges Europe and Asia. Home to over 15 million people, Istanbul constitutes a significant portion of Turkey's population and holds the distinction of being among the most populous cities in both Europe and the world.
In 1881, a nascent telephone system began to emerge in Istanbul.
In 1903, Beşiktaş J.K. was established and is considered the oldest of Istanbul's sports clubs.
On July 23, 1908, the Ottoman Parliament, which had been closed since 1878, was reopened, marking the beginning of the Second Constitutional Era.
In 1908, Istanbul was declared a province with nine constituent districts, after the Ottoman constitution of 1876.
In 1908, Istanbul's Haydarpaşa Terminal opened, serving as the western terminus of the Baghdad Railway and an extension of the Hejaz Railway.
In 1909, Sultan Abdul Hamid II was deposed following the counter-revolution attempt known as the 31 March incident.
In 1909, the first manual telephone exchange became operational in Istanbul, leading to the Ministry of Post and Telegraph becoming the Ministry of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone.
In 1911, the Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912) plagued the ailing empire's capital.
In 1912, the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) plagued the ailing empire's capital.
In 1913 the Armenian population stood at 164,000 in Istanbul
In 1913, the Ottoman coup d'état brought the regime of the Three Pashas.
In 1914, the Silahtarağa Power Station, a coal-fired power station along the Golden Horn, completed its first engine room and became Istanbul's sole source of electricity.
In 1914, the city's Christian population began to decline due to Ottoman policies.
On April 24, 1915, the deportation of Armenian intellectuals marked the start of the Armenian genocide during World War I.
On October 30, 1918, the Armistice of Mudros was signed.
On November 13, 1918, a French brigade entered Constantinople, marking the beginning of the Occupation of Constantinople.
In 1919 the Greek population stood at 350,000 in Istanbul
On April 11, 1920, the Ottoman Parliament was dissolved by the Allies.
On August 10, 1920, representatives of the Turkish government signed the Treaty of Sèvres.
In 1921, the Ottoman era Taksim Military Barracks was transformed into the Taksim Stadium.
In November 1922, specifically November 1, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in Ankara abolished the Sultanate. On November 17, the last Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed VI, left aboard the British warship HMS Malaya into exile.
In 1922, Istanbul served as an imperial capital during the Ottoman Empire until it ended.
In 1922, after the abolition of the monarchy, Topkapı Palace became public property.
In July 1923, specifically July 24, the Treaty of Lausanne was signed.
In October 1923, specifically October 4, the occupation of Constantinople ended with the departure of the last Allied forces. On October 6, Turkish forces entered the city, which has been marked as the "Liberation Day of Istanbul" ever since.
On October 29, 1923, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey declared the establishment of the Turkish Republic, with Ankara as its capital. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk became the Republic's first President.
In 1923, Istanbul's Greek population was exempted from the population exchange with Greece.
In 1923, following the founding of the Turkish Republic, the Silahtarağa Power Station underwent renovations to meet Istanbul's growing electricity demand, increasing its capacity to 23 megawatts.
Since 1923, Istanbul has been developing as a Turkish city.
In 1924, after extensive renovation, Topkapı Palace became one of Turkey's first national museums.
In May 1926, specifically May 16, the last Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed VI, died in Sanremo, Italy, where he had been exiled.
In 1927, Turkey's first radio transmission came from atop the Central Post Office in Eminönü.
In 1927, the city's Christian population declined to 240,000 from 450,000 in 1914.
In 1930, the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality was established.
In 1930, the city's name was officially changed to Istanbul, a Turkish rendering of the Greek phrase 'to the City', which had been used colloquially since the 11th century.
In 1930, the system of local government continued with the establishment of Istanbul Municipality.
In 1940, the Taksim Stadium was demolished for building Gezi Park.
In 1942, a wealth tax assessed mainly on non-Muslims led to the transfer or liquidation of many businesses owned by religious minorities.
In 1950, Istanbul began experiencing rapid population growth which would increase tenfold by 2000.
In 1950, the Jewish population in Istanbul was 100,000.
As of 1952, the Silahtarağa Power Station remained Istanbul's only source of electricity.
In 1952, Istanbul Sailing Club was established, hosting races and other sailing events on the waterways in and around Istanbul each year.
In 1955, the US-incited and state-sanctioned Istanbul pogrom led to the emigration of most of the remaining Greeks in Istanbul.
In 1956, the Silahtarağa Power Station reached its peak capacity of 120 megawatts.
In 1961, Hürriyet's English-language edition, Hürriyet Daily News, has been printed since 1961.
In 1964, control of radio transmissions and radio stations came under the state-run Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT), which was founded in 1964.
In 1964, further mass expulsions of Greeks took place.
In 1965, further mass expulsions of Greeks took place.
In 1970, the state-run Turkish Electrical Authority (TEK) was founded, briefly holding a monopoly on electricity generation and distribution.
In 1971, Boğaziçi University (formerly the higher education section of Robert College until 1971) provide education in English as the primary foreign language
In 1973, the Istanbul Festival was established, showcasing a variety of art from Turkey and around the world.
The Istanbul International Music Festival has been held annually since 1973.
Private universities were not allowed in Turkey before the 1982 amendment to the constitution.
The International Istanbul Film Festival has been held annually since 1982.
In 1983, the Silahtarağa Power Station reached the end of its economic life and was shut down.
In 1984, the Turkish Electrical Authority's (TEK) monopoly on electricity generation and distribution ended, splitting into TEAŞ and TEDAŞ.
In 1987, Galleria Ataköy opened, ushering in the age of modern shopping malls in Turkey.
Since 1987, the Istanbul Biennial has been held every two years. Initially aimed at showcasing Turkish visual art, it has expanded to include international artists and gained prestige.
The Istanbul Biennial is a contemporary art exhibition that has been held biennially since 1987.
In 1990, the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT)'s monopoly on radio and television broadcasts ended.
Istanbul's first private university, Koç University, was founded as late as 1992.
In 1994, Erdoğan's election as the mayor of Istanbul served as a launchpad for his political career.
In 1994, GSM cellular networks arrived in Turkey, with Istanbul among the first cities to receive the service.
In 1994, the Istanbul Festival shifted its focus solely to music and dance and has since been known as the Istanbul International Music Festival.
Since 1994, the annual Istanbul Jazz Festival has been held every year.
In 1995, Akmerkez was awarded the title of "Europe's best" shopping mall by the International Council of Shopping Centers.
In 1995, Borsa Istanbul moved its headquarters to İstinye, near Maslak.
In 1995, Türk Telekom split from the Ministry of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone.
In 1996, Akmerkez was awarded the title of "World's best" shopping mall by the International Council of Shopping Centers.
In 1999, The World Is Not Enough was filmed in Istanbul.
In 1999, the American news channel CNN established the Turkish-language CNN Türk in Istanbul.
On August 12–13, 2000, Istanbul was a venue of the F1 Powerboat World Championship, with the race on the Bosporus strait.
By 2000, Istanbul's population had increased tenfold since 1950 due to internal and international migration.
In 2000, Istanbul had 137 hospitals, with 100 being private.
Istanbul bid for the Summer Olympics in 2000 but ended unsuccessfully.
Since 2000, many of Istanbul's sports facilities have been built or upgraded to bolster the city's bids for the Summer Olympic Games.
In 2001, Abdi İpekçi Arena hosted the finals of EuroBasket 2001.
In 2001, Sabiha Gökçen International Airport opened to relieve Atatürk Airport.
In 2002, Atatürk Olympic Stadium, the largest multi-purpose stadium in Turkey, was completed as an IAAF first-class venue for track and field.
In 2002, the Turkish film Uzak, filmed in Istanbul, began to see international success.
In 2003, the annual Istanbul Pride became the first gay pride event in a Muslim-majority country.
In 2004, the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality was restructured with the Metropolitan Municipalities Law.
Istanbul bid for the Summer Olympics in 2004 but ended unsuccessfully.
In 2005, Atatürk Olympic Stadium hosted the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final.
In 2005, Istanbul Cevahir opened and has been one of the continent's largest shopping malls since.
In 2005, Türk Telekom was privatized, and postal services remained under the purview of the Post and Telegraph Organization (PTT).
In 2005, the Turkish film My Father and My Son, filmed in Istanbul, began to see international success.
In 2005, the percentage of outpatients using private hospitals in Istanbul began to increase.
Istanbul Park racing circuit hosted the Formula One Turkish Grand Prix in 2005.
Since 2005, an annual tulip festival has been held in Emirgan Park.
In 2006, Kanyon won the Cityscape Architectural Review Award in the Commercial Built category.
In 2006, a modern funicular line between Taksim Square and Kabataş began running.
Between 2007 and 2008, medical tourism to Turkey saw a 40 percent increase due to the high quality of healthcare, especially in private hospitals in Istanbul.
In 2007, Istanbul hosted the Turkish Motorcycle Grand Prix.
In 2007, Istanbul's foreign population with a residence permit was 43,000.
In 2008, Mission Istaanbul was filmed in Istanbul.
Istanbul bid for the Summer Olympics in 2008 but ended unsuccessfully.
Medical tourism to Turkey, especially Istanbul, saw a 40% increase between 2007 and 2008.
On June 19–21, 2009, the last race of the Powerboat P1 World Championship on the Bosporus took place.
By 2009, the percentage of outpatients using private hospitals in Istanbul increased from 6 percent to 23 percent.
In 2009, a new international terminal opened at Sabiha Gökçen International Airport.
In 2009, the contactless Istanbulkart was introduced for integrated fare payment across Istanbul's public transportation system.
In 2009, Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium, Fenerbahçe's home field, hosted the UEFA Cup Final.
In 2010, Istanbul was the European Capital of Culture.
In 2010, the Sinan Erdem Dome hosted the final of the 2010 FIBA World Championship.
Between 2011 and 2012, Atatürk Airport experienced a 20.6 percent rise in passenger traffic.
In 2011, Türk Telekom Arena opened to replace Ali Sami Yen Stadium as Galatasaray's home turf.
In 2011, the Sinan Erdem Dome hosted the 2011-12 Euroleague Final Fours.
In 2011, the first and second bridges on the Bosphorus carried 400,000 vehicles each day.
In 2011, the then Prime Minister Erdoğan presented Canal Istanbul, a project to open a new strait between the Black and Marmara seas.
Istanbul Park racing circuit hosted the Formula One Turkish Grand Prix in 2011.
The Istanbul Shopping Fest has been an annual shopping festival since 2011.
In 2012, Sabiha Gökçen International Airport handled 14.7 million passengers.
In 2012, the Sinan Erdem Dome hosted the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships and the 13,800-seat Ülker Sports Arena opened as the home court of Fenerbahçe's basketball teams.
In 2012, the construction of Marmaray and the Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway forced the closure of Haydarpaşa Terminal.
Since 2012, over 500,000 vulnerable buildings in Istanbul have been demolished and replaced due to the threat of major earthquakes.
In 2013, large-scale anti-AKP government protests began in Istanbul and spread throughout Turkey.
In 2013, the AKP government's decision to replace Taksim Gezi Park sparked a series of nationwide protests covering a wide range of issues.
In 2013, the Marmaray Tunnel was inaugurated as the first rail connection between Thrace and Anatolia, running under the Bosphorus.
In 2014, the English-language Daily Sabah was first published by Sabah.
In 2014, the center-left opposition candidate in the mayoral election won an impressive 40% of the vote.
In 2015, Istanbul Atatürk Airport handled 61.3 million passengers, making it the third-busiest airport in Europe.
Since 2015, all types of parades at Taksim Square and İstiklal Avenue have been denied permission by the AKP government due to security concerns.
On August 26, 2016, the Yavuz Sultan Selim (Third Bosphorus) Bridge, part of the O-7 motorway, entered service.
On December 20, 2016, the dual-deck, 14.6-kilometer Eurasia Tunnel under the Bosphorus strait opened, providing another road crossing between the Asian and European sides of Turkey.
In 2016, Vodafone Park, opened to replace BJK İnönü Stadium as the home turf of Beşiktaş.
In 2016, the Sinan Erdem Dome hosted the 2016-17 EuroLeague Final Fours.
In 2017, Istanbul voted 'No' in the constitutional referendum by 51.4% to 48.6%, marking the first government defeat in the city.
In 2018, 13.4 million foreign tourists visited the city, making Istanbul the world's fifth most-visited city in that year.
In 2018, Istanbul had the eleventh-largest economy among the world's urban areas, contributing significantly to Turkey's industrial output, GDP, and tax revenues. The city's gross domestic product adjusted by PPP stood at US$537.507 billion.
In 2018, the new Istanbul Airport opened in the Arnavutköy district, northwest of the city center.
Teknofest, an annual festival of aviation, aerospace and technology, has been held since 2018.
On March 12, 2019, the full Marmaray intercontinental commuter rail line in Istanbul, officially named B1, opened from Halkalı to Gebze.
On April 6, 2019, all scheduled commercial passenger flights were transferred from Atatürk Airport to Istanbul Airport, marking the closure of Atatürk Airport for scheduled passenger flights.
A 2019 survey found that only 36% of Istanbul's population was born in the province.
A 2019 survey study by KONDA examined the religiosity of the voting-age adults in Istanbul, revealing that 57% were religious and practising, while others were nonobservant or non-believers.
According to a 2019 KONDA study, Kurds constituted around 17% of Istanbul's adult total population who were Turkish citizens.
As of 2019, Istanbul has 61 colleges and universities, with more than 1.8 million students enrolled according to official figures.
As of 2019, Istanbul's mean air quality remains at a level that affects the heart and lungs of healthy street bystanders during peak traffic hours, and it is one of the 10 worst cities for NO2.
As of 2019, excluding universities more than 3.1 million students attended 7,437 schools in Istanbul, about half of the schools being private schools.
By 2019, Istanbul's foreign population with a residence permit had dramatically increased to 856,377.
Following Greek migration to the city for work in the 2010s, the Greek population rose to nearly 3,000 in 2019.
Following the 2019 election, a trend towards the CHP persisted across the city.
In 2019, Ambarlı, on the western edge of the urban center, had an annual capacity of 3,104,882 TEUs, making it the third-largest cargo terminal in the Mediterranean basin.
In 2019, Istanbul Atatürk Airport closed to commercial flights.
In 2019, Istanbul's local elections were highly significant, with Erdoğan stating that a failure in Istanbul would mean a failure for Turkey. The loss of the municipal budget by Erdoğan's party, AKP, had significant economic and political ramifications.
In 2019, regular international rail service from Istanbul to Bucharest resumed after being interrupted for Marmaray construction.
In 2019, the new Istanbul Airport opened and the Turkish government has ambitious plans for an expansion of the city west and northwards on the European side in conjunction with it.
In July 2020, the Hagia Sophia was re-converted into a mosque.
According to 2020 TÜİK data, around 2.1 million people in a population of over 15.4 million have been registered in Istanbul.
In 2020, Atatürk Olympic Stadium was selected by the UEFA to host the Champions League Final games, but it was relocated to Lisbon due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
In 2020, the Canal Istanbul project was still on Turkey's agenda, but without a clear date set.
In 2020, the demolition of the runway at Istanbul Atatürk Airport began.
Istanbul Park racing circuit hosted the Formula One Turkish Grand Prix in 2020.
Istanbul bid for the Summer Olympics in 2020 but ended unsuccessfully.
In June 2021, a marine mucilage wave allegedly caused by water pollution spread to the Sea of Marmara.
On June 25, 2021, it was announced that the 2021 F1 Turkish Grand Prix would take place on 3 October 2021.
In October 2021, the 2021 F1 Turkish Grand Prix took place.
In 2021, Atatürk Olympic Stadium was selected by the UEFA to host the Champions League Final games, but it was relocated to Porto due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
In 2021, road transport in Istanbul emitted an estimated 7 million tons of carbon dioxide.
In 2021, the Jewish population in Istanbul dropped to 15,000 due to emigration to Israel.
In 2022, Sea-effect snowstorms with more than 30 centimetres (1 ft) of snowfall in Istanbul were highly disruptive to city infrastructure.
As of August 2023, there were more than 530,000 refugees of the Syrian civil war in Istanbul, the highest number in any Turkish city.
In 2023, Istanbul surpassed London and Dubai to become the most visited city in the world, with more than 20 million foreign visitors.
In 2023, ministry statements and geologist comments indicated that the city's infrastructure was in reasonably good shape, but many buildings were still vulnerable to collapse.
In the 2023 presidential election, the CHP candidate, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, received 48.56% of the city's vote, while the incumbent president, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, received 46.68%.
Since 2023, the Ataşehir district on the Asian side of the city is home to the Istanbul Financial Center (IFC).
As of 2024, Istanbul Province's network of toll roads is 543 km and the state highways network is 353 km, totaling 896 km of expressway roads.
As of 2024, most buildings in Istanbul were built to a low seismic standard in the 20th century, and residents believe the city is not properly prepared for an earthquake.
In 2024, Euromonitor International ranked Istanbul as the second most visited city in the world, welcoming 23 million visitors.
In the 2024 local elections, Ekrem İmamoğlu was re-elected by a 12-point margin and the CHP won mayoralties in 26 of İstanbul's 39 districts.
On April 23, 2025, an earthquake with a preliminary magnitude of 6.2 shook Istanbul and other areas, causing injuries and panic. It was felt as far as Tekirdağ, Yalova, Bursa, Balıkesir and İzmir.
By 2025, once all phases are completed, Istanbul Airport is expected to have six sets of runways and be able to accommodate 200 million passengers a year.
Istanbul will host the 2027 edition of the European Games.
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