"Coca-Cola, or Coke, is a globally recognized carbonated soft drink manufactured by the Coca-Cola Company. With a vast market reach spanning over 200 countries, Coca-Cola products have become a ubiquitous part of modern consumption. The brand's immense popularity is evident in its staggering daily consumption figures, exceeding 1.8 billion servings. This success has solidified Coca-Cola's position as a corporate giant, ranking 87th on the Fortune 500 list in 2018. Furthermore, its global brand value was ranked sixth in 2020 by Interbrand, highlighting its enduring appeal and influence."
Coca-Cola's international presence expanded in the early 1900s, with the drink being sold outside the US. The creation of the Cuba Libre (Coca-Cola mixed with rum) in Havana shortly after the Spanish-American War of 1898 marked an early example of the drink's global reach.
Cocaine, once present in Coca-Cola in small amounts, was removed from the formula in 1903, reflecting evolving societal norms and regulations regarding the drug.
Starting in 1904, Coca-Cola transitioned to using "spent" coca leaves, which are the remnants of the cocaine extraction process, containing only trace amounts of the drug.
In 1910, Asa Candler destroyed the earliest records of the "Coca-Cola Company" during a move to new offices.
In 1911, the US government filed a lawsuit against Coca-Cola, seeking to force the company to remove caffeine from its formula. The lawsuit, United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, brought attention to the caffeine levels in the beverage.
In 1911, the US government took action against the Coca-Cola Company, seizing barrels and kegs of Coca-Cola syrup in Chattanooga, Tennessee. They claimed that the caffeine content in the drink posed health risks, ultimately leading to changes in food safety regulations.
The US Pure Food and Drug Act was amended in 1912 to include caffeine on the list of "habit-forming" and "deleterious" substances that required labeling on products, reflecting growing concern about the stimulant.
Coca-Cola successfully appealed the caffeine content lawsuit in the Sixth Circuit in Cincinnati in 1913, but the case was later appealed again to the Supreme Court.
In 1914, Margaret Dozier claimed that her signature on the 1888 Coca-Cola Company bill of sale had been forged. Subsequent analysis also indicated John Pemberton's signature was likely forged.
In 1914, Atlanta's Fleeman's Pharmacy opened, becoming the longest-running commercial Coca-Cola soda fountain until its closure in 1995.
The design patent for the iconic contour bottle was issued in November 1915, marking a significant step in Coca-Cola's branding history.
In 1915, Coca-Cola introduced the hobble-skirt bottle design, which became widely recognized.
To set its beverage apart, Coca-Cola launched a competition in 1915, challenging bottle suppliers and designers to create a unique bottle recognizable even in the dark.
White Rock Beverages was the first to use the image of Santa Claus to promote its mineral water in 1915, marking an early instance of associating the holiday figure with beverages.
During the 1916 bottler's convention, Dean's contour bottle was chosen over other entries and was on the market the same year.
The US government effectively won the caffeine content case against Coca-Cola when the Supreme Court ordered a new trial in 1916. In response, Coca-Cola voluntarily reduced the caffeine in its product and settled with the government to avoid further litigation.
On September 12, 1919, Coca-Cola Co. was purchased by a group of investors led by Ernest Woodruff's Trust Company for $25 million and reincorporated under Delaware General Corporation Law.
The Trust Company, a predecessor to Truist Financial, played a key role in Coca-Cola's history by underwriting the company's initial public offering in 1919, marking a significant milestone in Coca-Cola's growth.
By 1920, the contour bottle became the standard for the Coca-Cola Company.
Coca-Cola patented a revised design of the contour bottle on December 25, 1923, earning it the nickname "Christmas bottle."
In 1923, Robert W. Woodruff was elected President of Coca-Cola and expanded the company globally, introducing the concept of six-packs.
Preceding Coca-Cola's use of Santa Claus in its advertising, White Rock Beverages featured the jolly figure in its ginger ale ads in 1923.
Coca-Cola made its debut in China in 1927, gaining significant popularity.
Coca-Cola's first sponsorship of the Olympic Games took place at the 1928 games in Amsterdam, marking the beginning of a long-standing partnership.
By 1929, Coca-Cola fully transitioned to using a cocaine-free coca leaf extract, ensuring the beverage was free of the drug.
After years of research and deliberation, Coca-Cola settled on the Chinese name "可口可樂(可口可乐)" (Ke-kou ke-le) in the 1930s, meaning "to allow the mouth to be able to rejoice."
In 1935, Coca-Cola was certified kosher by Atlanta rabbi Tobias Geffen, making it permissible for consumption by the Jewish population, including during Passover.
In 1941, Coca-Cola officially endorsed the name "Coke" to prevent another company from claiming the trademark.
The nickname "Coke" became an official trademark for Coca-Cola in 1941, solidifying its place in popular culture.
On July 12, 1944, the one-billionth gallon of Coca-Cola syrup was manufactured by the Coca-Cola Company.
A 1944 case involving an exploding Coca-Cola bottle led to a landmark legal opinion by Justice Roger J. Traynor, advancing the doctrine of strict liability for defective products.
In 1945, "Coke" officially became a registered trademark of the Coca-Cola Company.
However, after the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, the beverage faced a ban, symbolizing Western culture and capitalism.
In 1950, Charles Howard Candler authored a book published by Emory University, which detailed his father's involvement in Coca-Cola, including a purchase on April 14, 1888.
In 1950, Charles Howard Candler's book mentioned that on August 30, 1888, Asa Candler became the sole proprietor of Coca-Cola.
In 1951, Coca-Cola faced a conspiracy theory in Egypt, alleging that its logo, when mirrored, spelled out an anti-Islamic phrase in Arabic.
In 1953, Coca-Cola bought the rights to a Spanish drink called "Kola Coca," which was presented at a contest in Philadelphia in 1885, a year before the official birth of Coca-Cola.
In 1955, Coca-Cola cans were introduced, marking a new era in beverage packaging.
In 1955, renowned industrial designer Raymond Loewy modernized the contour bottle to accommodate larger beverage formats.
In 1959, the fixed price of Coca-Cola, which had been 5¢ since 1886, finally came to an end due to an outdated contract.
Until 1959, Coca-Cola maintained a fixed price of five cents, partly due to an advertising campaign.
Coca-Cola ceased official distribution in Cuba in 1960.
Don Naylor, a seasoned Atlanta radio personality, joined McCann Erickson advertising agency and started creating memorable Coca-Cola television commercials in 1960.
The Beach Boys' 1964 song "All Summer Long" included a reference to Coca-Cola with the lyric, "Member when you spilled Coke all over your blouse?"
The Arab League initiated a boycott of Coca-Cola in 1968, leading to the company's withdrawal from the Iraqi market for several decades.
The song "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" from a 1971 Coca-Cola commercial gained immense popularity, becoming a chart-topping hit.
In 1974, due to soaring sugar prices driven by Soviet demand and potential market manipulation, Coca-Cola made the significant decision to replace sugar with high-fructose corn syrup in its formula.
During his last tour in 1977, Elvis Presley, the renowned artist, endorsed Coca-Cola. The Coca-Cola Company cleverly utilized Presley's image in their promotional efforts, including featuring his song "A Little Less Conversation" in a Japanese commercial.
From 1977 to 1997, the FIFA World Youth Championship trophy bore the name "FIFA - Coca-Cola Cup" reflecting the company's sponsorship.
Coca-Cola's sponsorship of the FIFA World Cup began in 1978, marking the start of a long-term partnership with FIFA and its tournaments.
On February 28, 1979, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution published "Everett Beal's Recipe Book", which would later gain attention for containing a potential early recipe for Coca-Cola, sparking debate about its authenticity.
A memorable 1979 television commercial for Coca-Cola featuring Pittsburgh Steelers player "Mean Joe" Greene solidified the brand's connection with the NFL team.
It wasn't until 1979, following the restoration of diplomatic ties between the United States and China, that Coca-Cola made its return to the Chinese market. This agreement was a result of Deng Xiaoping's visit to the United States.
In 1982, The Coca-Cola Company purchased Columbia Pictures and began incorporating Coke product images into the studio's films.
In 1982, political cartoonist Michel Kichka created a thought-provoking poster titled "And I Love New York," which satirized a well-known Coca-Cola billboard. Kichka ingeniously altered the billboard's message from "Enjoy Coke" to "Enjoy Cocaine," prompting reflection on consumerism and societal issues.
On April 23, 1985, Coca-Cola launched "New Coke," a reformulated version of the drink. Despite initial positive taste tests, the change was met with public backlash fueled by nostalgia for the original formula.
Yielding to public pressure, Coca-Cola brought back its original formula as "Coca-Cola Classic" on July 10, 1985, after the unsuccessful attempt to replace it with "New Coke".
Coca-Cola was called Coca-Cola Classic from July 1985 to 2009 to distinguish it from "New Coke".
After a successful run producing iconic Coca-Cola commercials, Don Naylor's time with the company came to an end in 1986.
In 1986, the Coca-Cola Company merged with two of their bottling operators to form Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. (CCE).
Coca-Cola's partnership with UEFA began in 1988.
After Columbia Pictures began to underperform, Coca-Cola sold the studio to Sony in 1989.
Rising Tejano music star Selena became a brand ambassador for Coca-Cola in 1989, appearing in several commercials for the company.
In December 1991, Coca-Cola Enterprises merged with the Johnston Coca-Cola Bottling Group, Inc.
From 1992 to 1998, Coca-Cola served as the title sponsor of the Football League Cup, the secondary cup tournament in English football, renaming it the Coca-Cola Cup.
In 1992, "New Coke" was renamed "Coke II", but it failed to gain popularity and was eventually discontinued in 2002.
As part of its re-entry into the Indian market, Coca-Cola purchased the popular Indian cola brand, Thums Up, in 1993.
Coca-Cola took on the title sponsorship of the Scottish League Cup from 1994 to 1997, renaming it the Coca-Cola Cup.
To celebrate Selena's five-year partnership with Coca-Cola, the company released limited-edition bottles featuring her image in 1994.
In 1995, Atlanta's Fleeman's Pharmacy, the longest-running commercial Coca-Cola soda fountain, closed after 81 years.
In 1995, a Coca-Cola fountain dispenser, known as the Fluids Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (FGBA), was sent into space on the Space Shuttle. The mission was to explore the feasibility of producing carbonated beverages in a microgravity environment.
As a long-time Olympic sponsor, Coca-Cola played a prominent role in its hometown during the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.
Coca-Cola served as an official sponsor of the 1996 Cricket World Cup held on the Indian subcontinent.
Coca-Cola's sponsorship of the Scottish League Cup, known as the Coca-Cola Cup during that time, concluded in 1997.
The FIFA World Youth Championship trophy, known as the "FIFA - Coca-Cola Cup" from 1977 to 1997, no longer carries this name.
Coca-Cola's tenure as the title sponsor of the Football League Cup, during which it was known as the Coca-Cola Cup, concluded in 1998.
From 1998 to 2001, the Irish League Cup in Northern Ireland was renamed the Coca-Cola League Cup under the company's title sponsorship.
In response to the popularity of Inca Kola in Peru, surpassing even Coca-Cola's sales, the Coca-Cola Company acquired the brand in 1999.
The Coca-Cola Company introduced the Coke Card in 1999, a loyalty program that offered discounts on various items with the purchase of Coca-Cola Classic. The program was discontinued after three years.
In an early attempt to explore sustainable packaging options, Coca-Cola experimented with 2000 paper bottles to assess their viability, considering factors like durability and potential impact on taste.
The Coca-Cola Company faced serious allegations in July 2001 when it was sued for its alleged involvement with far-right death squads in Colombia, specifically the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC). The lawsuit, filed in a US federal court in Miami by the Colombian food and drink union Sinaltrainal, claimed that Coca-Cola had indirect responsibility by contracting or directing paramilitary security forces that committed heinous acts.
Singer Melanie Thornton recorded "Wonderful Dream (Holidays Are Coming)" in 2001, a single based on the Coca-Cola holiday campaign jingle, which charted in Germany.
Furthering their partnership, Coca-Cola and the Pittsburgh Steelers opened the Coca-Cola Great Hall at Heinz Field in 2001.
Coca-Cola's sponsorship of the Irish League Cup, during which it was named the Coca-Cola League Cup, came to an end in 2001.
Coca-Cola restructured its advertising in 2001 to focus on local production in each country rather than centralizing it at the Atlanta headquarters.
After years of struggling to find a market, "Coke II", the rebranded "New Coke", was finally discontinued in 2002.
Coca-Cola became the main sponsor of The Football League in England, encompassing the three professional divisions below the Premier League, from 2004 to 2010.
On July 5, 2005, Coca-Cola announced its return to Iraq, marking the end of a boycott imposed by the Arab League in 1968.
Coca-Cola introduced the "Win a Player" competition in 2005, allowing fans to vote for their favorite Football League club to win £250,000 for a new player.
While Irn-Bru held the top spot in Scotland for a significant period, Coca-Cola and Diet Coke overtook its sales in 2005.
Coca-Cola expanded its holiday advertising campaign to radio in 2005, incorporating variations of the jingle.
In 2006, Coca-Cola launched a new loyalty program, My Coke Rewards, allowing consumers to earn points by entering codes from product packaging for prizes and sweepstakes entries.
The "Win a Player" competition, with its controversial voting system, was repeated by Coca-Cola in 2006 for The Football League clubs.
In April 2007, Coca-Cola dropped "Classic" from its name in Canada, simplifying it back to "Coca-Cola". This decision was made as "New Coke" was no longer produced, eliminating the need to distinguish between the two.
After a hiatus, Coca-Cola reintroduced its holiday advertising campaign in 2007 due to consumer demand.
Keith Law, a commercials producer, criticized the reintroduced Coca-Cola holiday advertisement in 2007 for lacking Christmas spirit and being too generic.
Responding to criticism, Coca-Cola replaced the "Win a Player" competition with "Buy a Player" in 2007, giving all participating Football League clubs a chance to win money based on codes from Coca-Cola products.
Coca-Cola began phasing out the word "Classic" from its 16-ounce bottles in parts of the southeastern United States in January 2009, aiming to refresh the product's image.
Costco pulled Coca-Cola and Diet Coke from its shelves for two months in November 2009 due to a pricing dispute. This temporary removal highlighted the complexities of the relationship between the retail giant and the beverage company.
The Coca-Cola bottling plant in Skopje, Macedonia, was recognized for its excellence in 2009, receiving the award for "Best Bottling Company".
In 2009, Coca-Cola Light partnered with prominent Italian fashion houses to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the contour bottle with limited-edition designs.
Coca-Cola dropped the Coca-Cola Classic branding in 2009.
Coca-Cola adapted its Canadian commercial for the 2010 Winter Olympics after Canada won the hockey gold medal on February 28, 2010, changing the ending line to reflect the victory.
In celebration of the 2010 Winter Olympics, Coca-Cola released limited-edition gold-colored cans in Canada starting March 1, 2010.
Coca-Cola's sponsorship as the main sponsor of The Football League in England ended in 2010.
On February 11, 2011, Ira Glass revealed on the radio show "This American Life" that a potential early recipe for Coca-Cola was discovered in "Everett Beal's Recipe Book", published in the February 28, 1979, issue of The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. While the recipe closely resembled one found in Pemberton's diary, Coca-Cola archivist Phil Mooney stated that it might be a precursor to the original formula but not the exact one used in the current product.
On September 22, 2011, Coca-Cola announced price cuts, encouraging retailers to sell eight-packs for $2.99. The company also introduced a new 12.5-ounce bottle priced at 89 cents, aiming to provide consumers with more value options.
The original secret formula for Coca-Cola, kept in a Truist Financial vault for 86 years, was moved to a new vault at the World of Coca-Cola museum in Atlanta on December 8, 2011, where it was put on display for visitors.
By 2011, Coca-Cola had completely removed the word "Classic" from all its product labels, signifying the end of an era that began with the introduction and subsequent withdrawal of "New Coke".
Coca-Cola launched the "Share a Coke" campaign in Australia in 2011, replacing the logo on bottles with popular first names, and supported by a website and social media.
In 2011, Coca-Cola launched a campaign for the Indian holiday Diwali, featuring commercials, a song, and integration with the film "Ra.One."
In June 2012, Coca-Cola announced its entry into the Myanmar market, making its product officially available in almost every country worldwide.
After a 60-year absence due to US sanctions, Coca-Cola resumed operations in Myanmar in 2012, opening a bottling plant in Yangon as part of a five-year, $200 million investment plan.
In 2013, Coca-Cola expanded the "Share a Coke" campaign to the UK, featuring names on Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, and Coke Zero products.
In 2013, Coke products were sold in over 200 countries worldwide, with consumers drinking more than 1.8 billion company beverage servings each day.
In 2013, Costco replaced Coca-Cola products with Pepsi in its food courts as part of a new pouring rights agreement, signaling a significant shift in their business partnership.
On May 5, 2014, Coca-Cola responded to public concerns by announcing its plan to eliminate brominated vegetable oil, a controversial ingredient, from its beverages.
Coca-Cola ranked No. 87 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.
In 2019, BreakFreeFromPlastic, a global movement working to reduce plastic pollution, conducted a brand audit involving 72,541 volunteers across 37 countries and four continents. Their findings revealed Coca-Cola as the world's largest plastic polluter, based on the number of branded plastic waste items collected.
Coca-Cola secured a major sponsorship deal with the Premier League in 2019, becoming a commercial partner for specific markets, including the UK and Ireland, China, and Southeast Asia.
Highlighting its commitment to sustainability, Coca-Cola unveiled its first beverage bottle made from recycled ocean plastic in 2019.
At the 2020 World Economic Forum in Davos, Coca-Cola's Head of Sustainability, Bea Perez, addressed concerns regarding the company's use of plastic packaging. Perez defended their practices, stating that customers appreciate the resealable and lightweight nature of their packaging.
Based on Interbrand's "best global brand" study of 2020, Coca-Cola was the world's sixth most valuable brand.
Coca-Cola announced its plan to invest US$5 billion in its operations in India by 2020, indicating a strong commitment to expanding its presence in one of the world's largest consumer markets.
In 2020, Coca-Cola became a premier partner of the NASCAR Cup Series, securing naming rights for the regular season championship trophy.
In February 2021, Coca-Cola faced significant backlash after a video of an internal training session was leaked by an employee. The session, which encouraged employees to "try to be less white," sparked outrage and accusations of reverse racism.
In February 2021, Coca-Cola revealed its plan to combat plastic waste by selling sodas in bottles made entirely from recycled plastic in the United States. The company also set an ambitious goal to recycle one bottle or can for each one sold by 2030.
In 2021, Coca-Cola filed a petition to cancel registrations for the Thums Up and Limca trademarks by Meenaxi Enterprise, Inc. in the United States, citing misrepresentation and potential consumer confusion.
Responding to growing pressure and concerns about plastic pollution, Coca-Cola announced in February 2022 its goal to achieve 25% reusable packaging by 2030. This target demonstrates their effort to adopt more sustainable packaging practices.
Due to the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, Coca-Cola suspended its operations in Russia in 2022.
Despite facing stiff competition in India, Coca-Cola's other brands, Thums Up and Sprite, gained significant market share, reaching 16% and 20%, respectively, in 2023.
By 2030, Coca-Cola aims to achieve a closed-loop recycling system, where it recycles one bottle or can for every one sold, demonstrating a commitment to environmental sustainability.