Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a transcontinental country located mainly in West Asia (Anatolia) and partly in Southeast Europe (East Thrace). It is bordered by several countries and seas, including the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Aegean Sea. Its neighbors include Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Greece, and Bulgaria. The population is over 85 million, predominantly ethnic Turks, with Kurds as the largest minority. While officially secular, Turkey has a Muslim-majority population. Ankara is the capital, while Istanbul is the largest city and economic hub. Other major cities include İzmir, Bursa, and Antalya.
With the founding of the Republic, Turkey adopted a civil law legal system, replacing Sharia-derived Ottoman law. The Civil Code, adopted in 1926, was based on the Swiss Civil Code of 1907.
With the founding of the Republic, Turkey adopted a civil law legal system, replacing Sharia-derived Ottoman law. The Civil Code, adopted in 1926, was based on the Swiss Code of Obligations of 1911.
Ottoman territories in Europe (Rumelia) were lost in the First Balkan War (1912–1913).
In 1913, Ottomans managed to recover some territory in Europe, such as Edirne, in the Second Balkan War. Following the 1913 coup d'état, the Three Pashas took control of the Ottoman government.
In 1913, following the coup d'état, the Three Pashas took control of the Ottoman government.
In 1914, the percentage of non-Muslims in Turkey was 19.1%.
The Çanakkale 1915 Bridge on the Dardanelles strait is the longest suspension bridge in the world.
Following the Armistice of Mudros in 1918, the victorious Allied Powers sought the partition of the Ottoman Empire through the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres.
Since 1918, Turkish architecture can be divided into three parts, the first of which includes the First National Architectural Movement period.
In 1919, the occupation of İzmir by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I initiated the Turkish National Movement.
On April 23, 1920, the Turkish Provisional Government in Ankara declared itself the legitimate government of the country.
In 1920, following the Armistice of Mudros in 1918, the victorious Allied Powers sought the partition of the Ottoman Empire through the Treaty of Sèvres.
In 1921, the expression Devlet-i Âliyye-i Türkiyye ("Sublime Turkish State") was used in the treaty signed with Afghanistan, likened to the Ottoman Empire's name.
In 1921–1923, the Armenian, Greek, French, and British armies had been expelled by the Ankara Goverment.
On October 11, 1922, the military advance and diplomatic success of the Ankara Government resulted in the signing of the Armistice of Mudanya.
On November 1, 1922, the Turkish Parliament in Ankara formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of monarchical Ottoman rule.
On July 24, 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne, which superseded the Treaty of Sèvres, led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the new Turkish state as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire.
On October 29, 1923, the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed, modeled on the reforms initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
On October 4, 1923, the Allied occupation of Turkey ended with the withdrawal of the last Allied troops from Istanbul. On October 29, 1923 the Turkish Republic was officially proclaimed in Ankara.
After the proclamation of the Turkish Republic in 1923, Atatürk instituted reforms such as the language reform and alphabet reform.
In 1921–1923, the Armenian, Greek, French, and British armies had been expelled by the Ankara Government.
In 1925, Atatürk's reforms caused discontent in some Kurdish and Zaza tribes leading to the Sheikh Said rebellion.
In 1926, Turkey adopted a civil law legal system, replacing Sharia-derived Ottoman law. The Civil Code, adopted in 1926, was based on the Swiss Civil Code of 1907 and the Swiss Code of Obligations of 1911.
In 1927, the percentage of non-Muslims in Turkey was 2.5%.
In 1934, women gained the right to vote nationally in Turkey.
Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1934.
In 1937, Atatürk's reforms caused discontent in some Kurdish and Zaza tribes leading to the Dersim rebellion.
Following Atatürk's death in 1938, İsmet İnönü became the country's second president.
In 1939, the Republic of Hatay voted in favor of joining Turkey with a referendum.
On February 23, 1945, Turkey, which had remained neutral during almost all of World War II, entered the war on the side of the Allies.
Between 1950 and 2020, Turkey's population more than quadrupled from 20.9 million to 83.6 million.
From 1950, the second part of Turkish architecture includes urbanization, modernization, and internationalization.
In 1950 Turkey became a member of the Council of Europe.
A military coup occurred in Turkey in 1960, complicating the country's transition to a democratic multiparty system.
After the 1965 Turkish census, ethnicity statistics were no longer included in census figures.
A military memorandum occurred in Turkey in 1971, complicating the country's transition to a democratic multiparty system.
In 1973, Memed, My Hawk by Yaşar Kemal, was Turkey's first Nobel Prize in Literature nominee.
Since 1974, Turkey has maintained a force of 36,000 troops in Northern Cyprus.
A military coup occurred in Turkey in 1980, complicating the country's transition to a democratic multiparty system.
Since 1980, the third part of Turkish architecture is defined by consumer habits and international trends, such as shopping malls and office towers.
The current constitution of Turkey was adopted in 1982.
Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987.
In 1993, Tansu Çiller became the first female prime minister of Turkey.
Turkey joined the European Union Customs Union in 1995.
A military memorandum occurred in Turkey in 1997, complicating the country's transition to a democratic multiparty system.
Following the 1999 İzmit and 1999 Düzce earthquakes, activity in the North Anatolian Fault zone "is considered to be one of the most dangerous natural hazards in Turkey".
Around 2000 BC, Anatolia's historical records start with clay tablets that were found in modern-day Kültepe, which belonged to an Assyrian trade colony.
In 2000, Galatasaray won the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup.
Turkey's spending on research and development as a share of GDP was 0.47% in 2000.
Although it underwent a number of changes in 2002, the Civil Code retains much of the basis of the original Code.
The Turkey national football team won the bronze medal at the 2002 FIFA World Cup.
In 2003, Turkey inaugurated the annual Istanbul Pride, becoming the first Muslim-majority country to host a gay pride march.
In 2003, the Ministry of Health in Turkey established a universal public healthcare system known as Universal Health Insurance (Genel Sağlık Sigortası).
The Turkey national football team won the bronze medal at the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup.
The Criminal Code, originally based on the Italian Criminal Code, was replaced in 2005 by a Code with principles similar to the German Penal Code and German law generally.
Turkey started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005.
In 2006, KONDA estimated that 76% of Turkey's population was ethnic Turks, with 78% of adult citizens self-identifying as such.
In 2006, KONDA estimated that non-Kurdish and non-Zaza ethnic minorities constituted 8.2% of the population, including Turkish citizens, people with other Turkic backgrounds, Arabs, and others.
In 2006, KONDA's estimate for Muslims in Turkey was 99.4%. KONDA's estimate for Alevis was 5% in 2006.
In 2006, KONDA's estimate was 0.18% for people with non-Islam religions in Turkey.
In 2006, it was estimated that 2.7 million ethnic Turks and Kurds were related through interethnic marriages.
Orhan Pamuk won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2006.
Between 2007 and 2021, the share of the population below the PPP-$6.85 per day international poverty threshold declined from 20% to 7.6% in Turkey.
Foreign direct investment in Turkey peaked at $22.05 billion in 2007.
The inaugural contemporary Turkish art sale by Sotheby's London was in 2009.
According to KONDA, share of adult citizens who identified as unbeliever increased from 2% in 2011.
Before the start of the Syrian civil war in 2011, the estimated number of Arabs in Turkey varied from 1 million to more than 2 million.
From 2011, Turkey made significant improvements in education access, including increases in educational attainment for 25-34 year-olds.
In 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court ruled that the minority provisions of the Lausanne Treaty should also apply to Assyrians in Turkey and the Syriac language.
In 2013, the final of the 2013–14 EuroLeague Women basketball championship was played between two Turkish teams, Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe, and won by Galatasaray.
In 2013, widespread protests began in Turkey, initially triggered by a plan to demolish Gezi Park but soon escalating into general anti-government dissent.
Since 2013, the Turkish government planned to construct several hospital complexes, known as city hospitals.
Since 2013, the independence and integrity of the Turkish judiciary has increasingly been said to be in doubt by institutions, parliamentarians and journalists because of political interference.
In 2014, prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan won Turkey's first direct presidential election.
Fenerbahçe reached the final of the EuroLeague in the 2015–2016 season.
Since 2015, the Turkish government has denied permission for parades at Taksim Square and İstiklal Avenue, citing security concerns, leading to criticism despite hundreds defying the ban annually.
On May 20, 2016, the Turkish parliament revoked the immunity from prosecution of nearly a quarter of its members, including 101 deputies from the pro-Kurdish HDP and the main opposition CHP party.
On July 15, 2016, an unsuccessful coup attempt tried to oust the government.
As of 2016, Turkey had been assisting Peshmerga forces in northern Iraq and the Somali Armed Forces with security and training.
Fenerbahçe reached the final of the EuroLeague in the 2015–2016 season.
In 2016, Turkish television shows aired in more than a dozen South and Central American countries.
In 2016, diplomatic relations between Turkey and Israel, which were damaged after the Gaza flotilla raid, were normalized.
In a survey conducted in 2016, 33% of respondents in Turkey expressed that LGBT people should have equal rights.
Since 2016, the president of Turkey directly appoints all rectors of all state and private universities.
Turkey became a hub for foreign students in recent years, with 795,962 foreign students in 2016.
As of 2017, while the government had invested in low carbon energy transition, fossil fuels in Turkey were still subsidized.
Fenerbahçe reached the final of the EuroLeague in the 2016–2017 season and became the European champions in 2017.
With a referendum in 2017, the parliamentary republic was replaced by an executive presidential system.
A survey in 2018 found that 55% of people in Turkey would not want a homosexual neighbor.
Fenerbahçe reached the final of the EuroLeague in the 2017–2018 season.
In 2018, Turkey's total expenditure on health as a share of GDP was the lowest among OECD countries at 6.3% of GDP.
In 2018, the Turkish military and Turkish-backed forces commenced an operation in Syria with the aim of removing the US-backed YPG from Afrin.
In a 2018 health survey, the ideal number of children was 2.8 children per woman in Turkey, rising to 3 per married woman.
In 2019, Turkey produced 43.8% of its electricity from renewable sources.
In 2019, a survey showed that the proportion of people in Turkey who would not want a homosexual neighbor decreased to 47%.
Istanbul Metro had around 704 million annual ridership in 2019.
As of April 2020, Turkey hosts the largest number of refugees in the world.
In November 2020, there were 3.6 million Syrian refugees in Turkey, including Syrian Kurds and Syrian Turkmens.
A 2020 Gezici Araştırma poll found that 28.5% of Generation Z identify as irreligious.
Between 1950 and 2020, Turkey's population more than quadrupled from 20.9 million to 83.6 million.
In 2020, a survey indicated that 45% of respondents in Turkey believed that LGBT people should have equal rights.
In December 2021, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called for expanded official usage of Türkiye, saying that Türkiye "represents and expresses the culture, civilization, and values of the Turkish nation in the best way".
According to KONDA, share of adult citizens who identified as unbeliever increased to 6% in 2021.
By 2021, Turkey had quadrupled the number of pre-school institutions, among other educational improvements.
In 2021 there was an increase in Russian migration to Turkey.
In 2021, 19% of adult citizens in Turkey identified as ethnic Kurds based on a survey.
In 2021, 34% of the population in Turkey were at risk of poverty or social exclusion, using the Eurostat definition; also, 47% of the total disposable income was received by the top 20% of income earners, while the lowest 20% received only 6%.
In 2021, 4% of adult citizens identified as non-ethnic Turk or non-ethnic Kurd in a survey.
In 2021, Türkiye Scholarships, a government-funded program, received 165,000 applications from prospective students in 178 countries.
In 2021, a survey indicated that 4% of adult citizens in Turkey identified as Alevi, while 88% identified as Sunni.
Turkey's spending on research and development as a share of GDP rose to 1.40% in 2021.
As of February 2022, Turkey had the second-largest military force in NATO, following the United States, with an estimated 890,700 military personnel.
In May 2022, the Turkish government requested the United Nations and other international organizations to use Türkiye officially in English; the UN agreed.
Fenerbahçe won consecutive Euroleague win in the 2022–23 season.
In 2022, Turkey ranked fifth in the world in the number of international tourist arrivals with 50.5 million foreign tourists.
In 2022, Turkey ranked second in the world in terms of the number of international contractors in the top 250 list.
In 2022, foreign direct investment in Turkey dropped to $13.09 billion.
In 2022, nearly 100,000 Russian citizens migrated to Turkey, marking a more than 218% increase from 2021.
Unemployment in Turkey was 10.4% in 2022.
As of May 2023, approximately 96,000 Ukrainian refugees from the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine had sought refuge in Turkey.
As of August 2023, the number of Syrian refugees in Turkey was estimated to be 3.3 million.
By November 2023, the Turkish government had granted citizenship to 238,000 Syrians.
According to a Euromonitor International report, Istanbul was the most visited city in the world in 2023, with more than 20.2 million foreign visitors.
According to the Address-Based Population Recording System, Turkey's population was 85,372,377 in 2023, excluding Syrians under temporary protection; also, the population growth rate was 0.1% and the total fertility rate was 1.51 children per woman.
As of 2023, Turkey has 3,726 kilometers of controlled-access highways and 29,373 kilometers of divided highways.
Fenerbahçe won the 2023 FIBA Europe SuperCup Women after two consecutive Euroleague wins in the 2022–23 and 2023–24 seasons.
Gas production began in 2023 in Turkey in the recently discovered Sakarya gas field, which, when fully operational, will supply about 30% of the natural gas needed domestically.
In 2023, 13.9% of the population in Turkey was below the national at-risk-of-poverty rate.
In 2023, excluding Syrians under temporary protection, there were 1,570,543 foreign citizens in Turkey.
In its 2023 report, the European Commission criticized the functioning of democratic institutions in Turkey, a criticism that was rejected by Turkey.
The 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes were the deadliest in contemporary Turkish history.
The last parliamentary and presidential elections in Turkey were in 2023. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is currently serving as the head of state and head of government. Özgür Özel is the Main Opposition Leader.
According to the 2024 Times Higher Education ranking, the top universities in Turkey were Koç University, Middle East Technical University, Sabancı University, and Istanbul Technical University.
According to the Turkish government, there are 13,251 arrested or convicted people in jail as of 2024, related to the 2016 coup attempt.
In 2024, Turkey ranked 37th in the world and 3rd among its upper-middle income group in the Global Innovation Index.
Turkey's EU accession talks are frozen as of 2024.
Turkey's first communication satellite manufactured domestically, Türksat 6A, will be launched in 2024; also, as part of a planned particle accelerator center, an electron accelerator called TARLA became operational in 2024.
According to IMF estimates, Turkey's GDP per capita by PPP is projected to be $42,451 in 2025, while its nominal GDP per capita is estimated at $16,709.
In 2025 the PKK declared a ceasefire.
By 2053, Turkey aims to have net zero emissions.
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