Full History Of Turkey In Timeline From 1907

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1907: Swiss Civil Code of 1907

In 1926, Turkey adopted a civil law legal system, replacing Sharia-derived Ottoman law; The Civil Code, adopted in 1926, was based on the Swiss Civil Code of 1907 and the Swiss Code of Obligations of 1911.

1911: Swiss Code of Obligations of 1911

In 1926, Turkey adopted a civil law legal system, replacing Sharia-derived Ottoman law; The Civil Code, adopted in 1926, was based on the Swiss Civil Code of 1907 and the Swiss Code of Obligations of 1911.

1912: First Balkan War

In 1912, Ottoman territories in Europe (Rumelia) were lost in the First Balkan War.

1913: Three Pashas coup

Following the 1913 coup d'état, the Three Pashas took control of the Ottoman government.

1913: Second Balkan War

In 1913, the Ottomans managed to recover some territory in Europe, such as Edirne, in the Second Balkan War.

1914: Non-Muslim Population Percentage

In 1914, the percentage of non-Muslims in modern-day Turkey was 19.1%.

1915: Çanakkale 1915 Bridge

The Çanakkale 1915 Bridge on the Dardanelles strait is the longest suspension bridge in the world.

1918: Armistice of Mudros

Following the Armistice of Mudros in 1918, the victorious Allied Powers sought the partition of the Ottoman Empire.

1918: Allied Occupation of Istanbul

In 1918, the occupation of Istanbul by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I initiated the Turkish National Movement.

1918: Turkish Architecture Division

Since 1918, Turkish architecture can be divided into three parts.

1919: Allied Occupation of İzmir

In 1919, the occupation of İzmir by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I initiated the Turkish National Movement.

April 1920: Provisional Government in Ankara

On 23 April 1920, the Turkish Provisional Government in Ankara declared itself the legitimate government of the country.

1920: Treaty of Sèvres

In 1920, the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres.

1921: Military advance

In 1921, the Armenian, Greek, French, and British armies had been expelled.

1921: Treaty with Afghanistan

In 1921, the treaty signed with Afghanistan, the expression Devlet-i Âliyye-i Türkiyye ("Sublime Turkish State") was used, likened to the Ottoman Empire's name.

October 1922: Armistice of Mudanya

On 11 October 1922, the military advance and diplomatic success of the Ankara Government resulted in the signing of the Armistice of Mudanya.

November 1922: Abolition of the Sultanate

On 1 November 1922, the Turkish Parliament in Ankara formally abolished the Sultanate, ending 623 years of monarchical Ottoman rule.

July 1923: Treaty of Lausanne

On 24 July 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne, superseded the Treaty of Sèvres, led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the new Turkish state as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire.

October 1923: Proclamation of the Republic

In October 1923, the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed, modeled on reforms initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

October 1923: End of Allied Occupation

On 4 October 1923, the Allied occupation of Turkey ended with the withdrawal of the last Allied troops from Istanbul. On 29 October 1923, the Turkish Republic was officially proclaimed in Ankara.

1923: Atatürk's Reforms

After the proclamation of the republic in 1923, Atatürk instituted reforms such as the language reform and alphabet reform.

1923: Armies expelled

In 1923, the Armenian, Greek, French, and British armies had been expelled.

1923: Turkish War of Independence

The Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres (1920).

1925: Sheikh Said rebellion

In 1925, Atatürk's reforms caused discontent in some Kurdish and Zaza tribes leading to the Sheikh Said rebellion.

1926: Adoption of Civil Code

In 1926, Turkey adopted a civil law legal system, replacing Sharia-derived Ottoman law; The Civil Code, adopted in 1926, was based on the Swiss Civil Code of 1907 and the Swiss Code of Obligations of 1911.

1927: Decline in Non-Muslim Population

By 1927, the percentage of non-Muslims in Turkey had fallen to 2.5%.

1934: Women gain the right to vote

In 1934, women gained the right to vote nationally in Turkey.

1934: Universal suffrage

Since 1934, universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey.

1937: Dersim rebellion

In 1937, Atatürk's reforms caused discontent in some Kurdish and Zaza tribes leading to the Dersim rebellion.

1938: İsmet İnönü becomes president

In 1938, İsmet İnönü became the country's second president following Atatürk's death.

1939: Republic of Hatay joins Turkey

In 1939, the Republic of Hatay voted in favor of joining Turkey with a referendum.

February 1945: Turkey enters World War II

On 23 February 1945, Turkey entered World War II on the side of the Allies.

1950: Turkey's Population in 1950

Between 1950 and 2020, Turkey's population more than quadrupled from 20.9 million to 83.6 million.

1950: Urbanization, Modernization, and Internationalization

From 1950, the second part includes urbanization, modernization, and internationalization in Turkish architecture.

1950: Turkey joins the Council of Europe

In 1950 Turkey became a member of the Council of Europe.

1952: Turkey joins NATO

Following threats from the Soviet Union, Turkey sought to ally with the United States and joined NATO in 1952.

1960: Military Coup

In 1960, a military coup complicated Turkey's transition to a democratic multiparty system.

1965: Census Figures on Ethnicity

Reliable data on the ethnic mix of the population is not available because census figures do not include statistics on ethnicity after the 1965 Turkish census.

1971: Military Memorandum

In 1971, a military memorandum complicated Turkey's transition to a democratic multiparty system.

1973: First Nobel Prize in Literature Nominee

In 1973, Yaşar Kemal's "Memed, My Hawk" was Turkey's first Nobel Prize in Literature nominee.

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1974: Turkish Troops in Northern Cyprus

Since 1974, Turkey has maintained a force of 36,000 troops in Northern Cyprus.

1980: Military Coup

In 1980, a military coup complicated Turkey's transition to a democratic multiparty system.

1980: Consumer Habits and International Trends

Since 1980, the third part of Turkish architecture is defined by consumer habits and international trends, such as shopping malls and office towers.

1982: Adoption of the current constitution

In 1982, Turkey's current constitution was adopted.

1987: Applied for full membership of the EEC

In 1987, Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC.

1991: Influx of Kurds during the Gulf War

During the Gulf War in 1991, millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Turkey and the Kurdish areas of Iran.

1993: Tansu Çiller became prime minister

In 1993, Tansu Çiller became the first female prime minister of Turkey.

1995: Joined the European Union Customs Union

In 1995, Turkey joined the European Union Customs Union, which had an important impact on the Turkish manufacturing sector.

1997: Military Memorandum

In 1997, a military memorandum complicated Turkey's transition to a democratic multiparty system.

1999: İzmit and Düzce Earthquakes

After the 1999 İzmit and 1999 Düzce earthquakes, the North Anatolian Fault zone activity "is considered to be one of the most dangerous natural hazards in Turkey".

2000: Clay Tablets

Around 2000 BC, Anatolia's historical records begin with clay tablets found in Kültepe, belonging to an Assyrian trade colony.

2000: Galatasaray Wins UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup

Galatasaray won the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup in 2000.

2000: Turkey's R&D Spending as Share of GDP

In 2000, Turkey's spending on research and development as a share of GDP was 0.47%.

2002: Changes to the Civil Code

Although it underwent a number of changes in 2002, the Civil Code retains much of the basis of the original Code.

2002: Turkey at the FIFA World Cup

The Turkey national football team won the bronze medal at the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

2003: Inauguration of Istanbul Pride

In 2003, Turkey inaugurated Istanbul Pride, becoming the first Muslim-majority country to hold a gay pride march.

2003: Universal Health Insurance System

Since 2003, the Ministry of Health has run a universal public healthcare system known as Universal Health Insurance (Genel Sağlık Sigortası).

2003: Turkey at the FIFA Confederations Cup

The Turkey national football team won the bronze medal at the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup.

2005: Started accession negotiations with the European Union

In 2005, Turkey started accession negotiations with the European Union.

2005: Replacement of Criminal Code

In 2005, the Criminal Code, originally based on the Italian Criminal Code, was replaced by a Code with principles similar to the German Penal Code and German law generally.

2006: KONDA's Muslim Population Estimate

Based on a survey, KONDA's estimate for the Muslim population in Turkey was 99.4% in 2006.

2006: KONDA's Ethnic Estimation

Based on a survey, KONDA's estimation was 76% in 2006, with 78% of adult citizens self-identifying their ethnic background as Turk.

2006: KONDA's Estimate of Non-Islam Followers

In 2006, KONDA estimated that 0.18% of people in Turkey followed non-Islam religions.

2006: KONDA's Estimate of Those With No Religion

In 2006, KONDA estimated that 0.47% of people in Turkey had no religion.

2006: KONDA's Estimate of Ethnic Minorities

In 2006, KONDA estimated that non-Kurdish and non-Zaza ethnic minorities constituted 8.2% of the population in Turkey.

2006: Interethnic Marriages

In 2006, approximately 2.7 million ethnic Turks and Kurds were related due to interethnic marriages.

2006: Orhan Pamuk Wins Nobel Prize

Orhan Pamuk won the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature.

2007: Poverty Rate Decline

Between 2007 and 2021, the share of the population below the PPP-$6.85 per day international poverty threshold declined from 20% to 7.6%.

2007: Peak in Foreign Direct Investment

Foreign direct investment in Turkey peaked at $22.05 billion in 2007.

2008: Turkey at the UEFA Euro

The Turkey national football team reached the semi-finals at the UEFA Euro 2008.

2009: Contemporary Turkish Art Sale

The inaugural contemporary Turkish art sale by Sotheby's London was in 2009.

2011: Share of Unbelievers Increase

According to KONDA, the share of adult citizens in Turkey who identified as unbelievers increased from 2% in 2011.

2011: Influx of Arabs before Syrian Civil War

Before the start of the Syrian civil war in 2011, the estimated number of Arabs in Turkey varied from 1 million to more than 2 million.

2011: Improvements in Education Access

From 2011, Turkey saw improvements in education access, including increases in educational attainment and pre-school institutions.

2013: Lausanne Treaty Provisions for Assyrians

In 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court ruled that the minority provisions of the Lausanne Treaty should also apply to Assyrians in Turkey and the Syriac language.

2013: Widespread Protests Erupt in Turkey

In 2013, widespread protests began due to a plan to demolish Gezi Park, which escalated into general anti-government dissent.

2013: Independence of judiciary questioned

Particularly since 2013, the independence and integrity of the Turkish judiciary has increasingly been said to be in doubt by institutions, parliamentarians and journalists both within and outside of Turkey.

2013: Planned Hospital Complexes

Since 2013, the Turkish government planned the construction of several hospital complexes, known as city hospitals.

2013: EuroLeague Women Basketball Championship Final

The final of the 2013–14 EuroLeague Women basketball championship was played between two Turkish teams, Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe, and won by Galatasaray.

2014: Erdoğan won Turkey's first direct presidential election

In 2014, prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan won Turkey's first direct presidential election.

2015: Fenerbahçe Reaches EuroLeague Final

In the 2015–2016 season, Fenerbahçe reached the final of the EuroLeague.

2015: Government Denies Permission for Pride Parades

Since 2015, the government has denied permission for pride parades at Taksim Square and İstiklal Avenue, citing security concerns, but people have defied the ban.

May 2016: Turkish Parliament Strips Members of Immunity

On May 20, 2016, the Turkish parliament removed immunity from prosecution for almost a quarter of its members, including 101 deputies from the HDP and CHP parties.

July 2016: Coup attempt

On 15 July 2016, an unsuccessful coup attempt tried to oust the government.

2016: Turkish TV Dramas in South and Central America

After sweeping the Middle East's television market, Turkish shows have aired in more than a dozen South and Central American countries in 2016.

2016: Turkey's Assistance to Peshmerga and Somali Forces

As of 2016, Turkey has been assisting Peshmerga forces in northern Iraq and the Somali Armed Forces with security and training.

2016: Diplomatic relations with Israel normalized

In 2016, Diplomatic relations with Israel were damaged after the Gaza flotilla raid, normalized in 2016.

2016: Hub for Foreign Students

In 2016, Turkey became a hub for foreign students, hosting 795,962 foreign students.

2016: Survey on LGBT Rights in Turkey

In a 2016 survey, 33% of respondents in Turkey believed that LGBT people should have equal rights.

2016: Fenerbahçe Reaches EuroLeague Final

In the 2016–2017 season, Fenerbahçe reached the final of the EuroLeague.

2016: Presidential Appointment of University Rectors

Since 2016, the president of Turkey directly appoints all rectors of all state and private universities.

2017: Fossil Fuel Subsidies

As of 2017, while the government had invested in low carbon energy transition, fossil fuels were still subsidized.

2017: Fenerbahçe Becomes European Champions

In 2017, Fenerbahçe reached the final of the EuroLeague and became the European champions.

2017: Parliamentary republic replaced by an executive presidential system

In 2017, the parliamentary republic was replaced by an executive presidential system with a referendum.

2018: Survey on Acceptance of Homosexual Neighbors

A 2018 survey found that 55% of people would not want a homosexual neighbor.

2018: Operation in Syria

In 2018, the Turkish military and the Turkish-backed forces began an operation in Syria aimed at ousting US-backed YPG.

2018: Health Expenditure as Share of GDP

In 2018, total expenditure on health in Turkey as a share of GDP was the lowest among OECD countries at 6.3% of GDP.

2018: Ideal Number of Children

In a 2018 health survey, the ideal children number was 2.8 children per woman, rising to 3 per married woman.

2018: Fenerbahçe Reaches EuroLeague Final

In the 2017–2018 season, Fenerbahçe reached the final of the EuroLeague.

2019: Decrease in Negative Attitudes Towards Homosexual Neighbors

In 2019, the proportion of people in Turkey who would not want a homosexual neighbor decreased to 47% from 55% in the previous year.

2019: Istanbul Metro Ridership

Istanbul Metro had around 704 million annual ridership in 2019.

2019: Renewable Energy Production

Turkey produced 43.8% of its electricity from renewable sources in 2019.

April 2020: Refugee Crisis Management

As of April 2020, Turkey hosted the largest number of refugees in the world, with the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency managing the refugee crisis.

November 2020: Syrian Refugees in Turkey

In November 2020, there were 3.6 million Syrian refugees in Turkey, including Syrian Kurds and Syrian Turkmens.

2020: Irreligiousness in Generation Z

A 2020 poll found that 28.5% of Generation Z in Turkey identify as irreligious.

2020: Turkey's Population in 2020

Between 1950 and 2020, Turkey's population more than quadrupled from 20.9 million to 83.6 million.

2020: Increase in Support for LGBT Rights

In 2020, a survey indicated that 45% of respondents in Turkey believed that LGBT people should have equal rights, an increase from a previous survey.

December 2021: Erdoğan calls for expanded usage of Türkiye

In December 2021, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called for the expanded official usage of "Türkiye", stating that it best represents the Turkish nation's culture, civilization, and values.

2021: Share of Unbelievers Increase

According to KONDA, the share of adult citizens in Turkey who identified as unbelievers increased to 6% in 2021.

2021: Increase in R&D Spending

By 2021, Turkey's spending on research and development as a share of GDP had risen to 1.40%.

2021: Improvements in Education Access

From 2011 to 2021, improvements in education access included "one of the largest increases in educational attainment for 25-34 year-olds at upper secondary non-tertiary or tertiary education", and quadrupling of pre-school institutions.

2021: Risk of Poverty or Social Exclusion

In 2021, 34% of the population were at risk of poverty or social exclusion, using the Eurostat definition.

2021: Survey on Ethnic Identification

In 2021, 77% of adult citizens identified as Turk in a survey.

2021: Increase in Russian Migration

In 2021, Russian migration to Turkey saw an increase.

2021: Türkiye Scholarships Applications

In 2021, Türkiye Scholarships, a government-funded program, received 165,000 applications from prospective students in 178 countries.

2021: Ethnic Identity Survey

In 2021, a survey indicated that 19% of adult citizens in Turkey identified as ethnic Kurds.

2021: Religious Identification Survey

In 2021, a survey indicated that 4% of adult citizens in Turkey identified as Alevi, while 88% identified as Sunni.

February 2022: Turkey's Military Strength in NATO

As of February 2022, Turkey possesses the second-largest standing military force in NATO, following the United States, with an estimated 890,700 military personnel.

May 2022: UN agrees to use Türkiye officially

In May 2022, the Turkish government requested the United Nations and other international organizations to officially use "Türkiye" in English, and the UN agreed to the request.

2022: Euroleague Win

Fenerbahçe won the Euroleague in the 2022–23 season.

2022: Turkey's Ranking in Tourist Arrivals

In 2022, Turkey ranked fifth in the world in the number of international tourist arrivals with 50.5 million foreign tourists.

2022: Turkey's Ranking in International Contractors

In 2022, Turkey ranked second in the world in terms of the number of international contractors in the top 250 list.

2022: Drop in Foreign Direct Investment

In 2022, foreign direct investment in Turkey dropped to $13.09 billion.

2022: Russian Migration to Turkey

In 2022, nearly 100,000 Russian citizens migrated to Turkey, marking a 218% increase from 2021, making them the largest group of foreigners moving to Turkey.

2022: Unemployment Rate in Turkey

In 2022, the unemployment rate in Turkey was 10.4%.

May 2023: Ukrainian Refugees in Turkey

As of May 2023, approximately 96,000 Ukrainian refugees from the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine had sought refuge in Turkey.

August 2023: Syrian Refugees Decline

As of August 2023, the number of Syrian refugees in Turkey was estimated to be 3.3 million, a decrease of about 200,000 since the beginning of the year.

November 2023: Citizenship Granted to Syrians

By November 2023, the Turkish government had granted citizenship to 238,000 Syrians.

2023: Istanbul as Most Visited City

According to a Euromonitor International report, Istanbul is the most visited city in the world, with more than 20.2 million foreign visitors in 2023.

2023: Turkey's Population in 2023

According to the Address-Based Population Recording System, Turkey's population was 85,372,377 in 2023, excluding Syrians under temporary protection.

2023: Kilometers of Controlled-Access and Divided Highways

As of 2023, Turkey has 3,726 kilometers of controlled-access highways and 29,373 kilometers of divided highways.

2023: Fenerbahçe Wins FIBA Europe SuperCup

Fenerbahçe won the 2023 FIBA Europe SuperCup Women.

2023: Population Below National Poverty Rate

In 2023, 13.9% of the population in Turkey was below the national at-risk-of-poverty rate.

2023: Foreign Citizens in Turkey

In 2023, excluding Syrians under temporary protection, there were 1,570,543 foreign citizens in Turkey.

2023: Gas Production in Sakarya Gas Field

In 2023, gas production began in the recently discovered Sakarya gas field.

2023: European Commission Criticizes Turkish Institutions

In its 2023 report, the European Commission criticized the operation of democratic institutions in Turkey. As of 2023, Turkey had the highest number of cases at the European Court of Human Rights.

2023: Deadliest Earthquakes in Turkish History

The 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes were the deadliest in contemporary Turkish history.

2023: Last parliamentary and presidential elections

The last parliamentary and presidential elections in Turkey were in 2023.

2024: Turkey's GDP per Capita

According to IMF estimates, Turkey's GDP per capita by PPP is $40,283 in 2024, while its nominal GDP per capita is $15,666.

2024: Top Universities in Turkey

According to the 2024 Times Higher Education ranking, the top universities in Turkey were Koç University, Middle East Technical University, Sabancı University, and Istanbul Technical University.