Sonic the Hedgehog is a media franchise created by Yuji Naka, Naoto Ohshima, and Hirokazu Yasuhara for Sega. The series centers around Sonic, a blue anthropomorphic hedgehog, who fights the villainous Doctor Eggman. Primarily known for its platformer video games developed by Sonic Team, the franchise also encompasses various spin-offs spanning racing, fighting, and sports genres. Beyond video games, Sonic the Hedgehog's popularity extends to printed media, animations, films, and a wide range of merchandise, solidifying its status as a major entertainment property.
Flicky, the blue bird from Sega's 1984 arcade game Flicky, appears in several Sonic games, particularly 3D Blast.
Before December 1985 Nintendo had been leading the console market.
In 1987, the red and white shoes of the character Sonic were inspired by the cover of Michael Jackson's album Bad.
In 1990, Nintendo released Super Mario World, which the original Sonic the Hedgehog was later touted as a faster, cooler alternative to.
In November 1991, Sega Technical Institute (STI) began work on Sonic the Hedgehog 2.
In December 1991, due to its Genesis bundling, Sonic the Hedgehog contributed greatly to the console's popularity in North America and the Genesis outsold its chief competitor, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, by a two-to-one ratio.
In December 1991, the first 8-bit version of the original Sonic was developed by Ancient to promote the Game Gear.
In 1991, Naka, Ohshima, and Yasuhara released the first Sonic game for the Sega Genesis. The game's purpose was to provide Sega with a mascot to compete with Nintendo's Mario.
In 1991, Sonic's first appearance came in Sega AM3's racing game Rad Mobile five months before the release of Sonic the Hedgehog. Also in 1991, Kalinske arranged to place Sonic the Hedgehog as the pack-in game with the Genesis, which greatly increased its popularity.
In 1991, the gameplay of Sonic the Hedgehog originated with a tech demo created by Naka, who had developed an algorithm that allowed a sprite to move smoothly on a curve by determining its position with a dot matrix.
In January 1992 Sega held 65 percent of the market for 16-bit consoles.
By 1992, Sonic was more recognizable to children ages 6 to 11 than Disney's Mickey Mouse.
In 1992, Sonic the Hedgehog 2 was released and was a major success.
In 1992, upon its release, Sonic the Hedgehog 2 set records for being the fastest-selling game, selling out 3.2 million copies worldwide within two weeks. Also in 1992, Sonic the Hedgehog 2 grossed $450 million ($1,010 million adjusted for inflation), becoming the year's highest-grossing home entertainment product.
In 1993, Fleetway Publications launched Sonic the Comic, a British comic series that ran for 223 issues. The comic featured original stories, news, and reviews aimed at children, with contributions from Richard Elson, Nigel Kitching, Andy Diggle, and Nigel Dobbyn.
In 1993, Sega Technical Institute developed the spin-off game Sonic Spinball.
In 1993, Sonic became the first video game character to have a balloon in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.
In 1993, Sonic games released included Dr. Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine, a Western localization of Puyo Puyo, and SegaSonic the Hedgehog, an arcade game featuring isometric gameplay.
In 1993, Sonic tied with Mario as the highest-earning entertainment character of the year, each generating $500 million ($1,090 million adjusted for inflation) in digital game sales.
In 1993, following Sonic's success, similar platformers starring animal mascots were released, including Aero the Acro-Bat and James Pond 3.
In February 1994, the first half of the project that was originally Sonic the Hedgehog 3 was released. The other half was Sonic & Knuckles, released a few months later.
In 1994, Sega and McDonald's collaborated for a Sonic-themed Happy Meal promotion for Sonic the Hedgehog 3. This promotion was the first video game franchise promoted in McDonald's and sold over 50 million Sonic Happy Meal toys worldwide.
In 1994, Sonic Triple Trouble introduced characters Fang the Sniper, Mighty the Armadillo and Ray the Flying Squirrel faded into obscurity, but later became prominent characters again in Sonic Mania and Superstars.
In 1994, following Sonic's success, similar platformers starring animal mascots were released, including Earthworm Jim and Zero the Kamikaze Squirrel.
In 1995, Knuckles' Chaotix, a spin-off for the Genesis's 32X add-on starring Knuckles, was released.
In 1995, the developers of the game Gex cited Sonic as a major inspiration.
Between 1996 and 2012, Sonic was the sixth-bestselling game franchise in the United Kingdom.
By 1996, a million pairs of Sonic trousers had been sold.
In 1996, Next Generation described Sonic 2, Sonic CD, Sonic 3, and Sonic & Knuckles as the "zeitgeist of the 16-bit era", praising them for building on the first game's formula.
In 1996, Sonic Team was officially formed as a brand and began work on Nights into Dreams for the Sega Saturn console. Also in 1996, Sega released Sonic 3D Blast for the Genesis.
In 1996, Sonic X-treme, a 3D Sonic game for the Saturn, was canceled. Due to its cancellation, Sega ported Sonic 3D Blast to the Saturn with updated graphics.
In 1996, Yu Suzuki, the producer of Sonic the Fighters, joked that anyone who makes a Sonic game has the duty to create new characters.
In 1996, the developers of Crash Bandicoot cited Sonic as a major inspiration.
By 1997, the original Sonic the Hedgehog had earned over $400 million ($920 million adjusted for inflation).
In 1997, Sega announced "Project Sonic", a promotional campaign. The first Project Sonic release was Sonic Jam. Sonic Team and Traveller's Tales also collaborated on Sonic R, a 3D racing game.
In 1998, Sonic Adventure, directed by Iizuka, was released and was one of the first sixth-generation video games.
In 1999, Iizuka and other Sonic Team members relocated to San Francisco and established Sonic Team USA.
In 1999, Sega collaborated with SNK to produce Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure, an adaptation of Sonic 2 for the Neo Geo Pocket Color.
In 2000, Sonic the Comic featured its final story arc, a loose adaptation of Sonic Adventure.
In 2000, the party game Sonic Shuffle was released as a spin-off in the Sonic franchise.
In January 2001, Sega announced it was discontinuing the Dreamcast to become a third-party developer.
In 2001, Dimps developed Sonic Advance, an original 2D Sonic game for Nintendo's Game Boy Advance (GBA). It marked the first original Sonic game on a Nintendo console after the Sega-Nintendo rivalry.
In 2001, Sega exited the console market and shifted to third-party development, continuing the Sonic series on Nintendo, Xbox, and PlayStation systems.
In 2002, Dimps continued the Sonic Advance series by developing Sonic Advance 2 for Nintendo's Game Boy Advance.
In 2002, Sonic the Comic, published by Fleetway Publications, was cancelled after running for 223 issues.
In 2003, Sonic Team USA developed the multi-platform Sonic game, Sonic Heroes. Sonic Team also ported Sonic Adventure with additional content to the GameCube in 2003.
In 2003, two spin-off games were released: the pinball game Sonic Pinball Party and the fighting game Sonic Battle.
By 2004, the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise had generated more than $1 billion in licensed merchandise sales. In 2004, Sega and McDonald's had another Happy Meal Promotion for Sonic Heroes.
In 2004, Dimps released Sonic Advance 3 for the Nintendo's Game Boy Advance, continuing their work on original 2D Sonic games.
In 2004, Sonic Team ported Sonic Adventure with additional content to Windows.
In 2005, Dimps developed Sonic Rush for the Nintendo DS, utilizing a 2.5D perspective. Also in 2005, Sonic Team released the Sonic Gems Collection, a compilation aimed at introducing older games to new fans.
In 2005, Sega Studios USA released Shadow the Hedgehog, a spin-off game starring Shadow. It aimed for a mature audience and introduced third-person shooting and nonlinear gameplay. The game sold at least 1.59 million copies despite being panned by critics.
In 2005, Sonic Team began working on Sonic Unleashed, conceived as a sequel to Adventure 2 but changed to a standalone entry with innovations.
In 2005, Sonic was one of the four characters inducted on the Walk of Game, alongside Mario, Link, and Master Chief.
In 2006, Backbone Entertainment developed Sonic Rivals, a Sonic game exclusive to the PlayStation Portable.
In 2006, a Sonic game was released that received poorer reviews, although the franchise remains influential in the video game industry.
In 2006, to commemorate the franchise's 15th anniversary, Sonic Team released Sonic Riders, a GBA port of the original Sonic, and Sonic the Hedgehog (Sonic '06), a reboot intended for seventh-generation consoles. Sonic '06 was critically panned and is considered the worst game in the series.
In the wake of the 2006 Sonic the Hedgehog game, Brett Elston of GamesRadar+ said that Sonic Rush Adventure had "managed to keep the [series'] spirit alive".
Many fans have continued to support the Sonic series in spite of poorly received games like the 2006 Sonic the Hedgehog.
In 2007, Sonic Rivals 2, Sonic and the Secret Rings and Sonic Rush Adventure were released. Backbone Entertainment developed Sonic Rivals 2 for the PlayStation Portable, Sonic and the Secret Rings was released for the Wii, and Dimps returned to the series with Sonic Rush Adventure.
In 2008, Sonic Team released Sonic Unleashed. They sought to combine the best aspects of 2D and 3D Sonic games.
In 2008, the Sonic Riders sequel, Zero Gravity, was developed for the Wii and PlayStation 2. BioWare also developed the first Sonic RPG, Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood, for the DS.
Summer of Sonic, an annual fan convention dedicated to the Sonic series and hosted in the United Kingdom, was founded by Svend Joscelyne and Adam Tuff and first held in 2008.
In 2009, Sega released Sonic and the Black Knight for the Wii, set in the world of King Arthur, as part of the Sonic Storybook sub-series.
In October 2010, Sega delisted Sonic games with average or below-average scores on Metacritic, while Sonic the Hedgehog 4: Episode I was released to general praise.
After Nishiyama's promotion in 2010, Iizuka was installed as the head of Sonic Team and became the Sonic producer.
In 2010, "Sanic hegehog", a crude Sonic drawn in Microsoft Paint, originated and became an internet meme.
In 2010, Sonic the Hedgehog 4 began with Episode I, co-developed by Sonic Team and Dimps. Also, Sega released Sonic Colors for the Wii and DS.
In 2010, Takashi Iizuka became the series' producer for Sonic the Hedgehog.
By March 2011, the cumulative sales of the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise reached 89 million copies. The Mario & Sonic series alone sold over 19 million copies as of 2011.
In 2011, Sonic Generations was hailed as a return to form for the Sonic series, though it was considered an "admission of defeat" for depicting the 2D and 3D incarnations of Sonic together.
In 2011, for the series' 20th anniversary, Sega released Sonic Generations for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Windows; a separate version was developed by Dimps for the Nintendo 3DS.
In 2011, programmer Christian "Taxman" Whitehead developed a version of Sonic CD for modern consoles.
Between 1996 and 2012, Sonic was the sixth-bestselling game franchise in the United Kingdom.
In 2012, Sonic and Eggman appear as minor characters in the Walt Disney Animation Studios film Wreck-It Ralph.
In 2012, Sonic the Hedgehog 4 continued with Episode II, a side-scrolling episodic sequel to Sonic & Knuckles co-developed by Sonic Team and Dimps.
In January 2012, Sega and RHM Solutions opened an online Sonic store.
In May 2013, Nintendo announced its collaboration with Sega to produce Sonic games for its Wii U and 3DS platforms.
In 2013, Christian "Taxman" Whitehead and Simon "Stealth" Thomley released remakes of the original Sonic the Hedgehog and Sonic the Hedgehog 2 for iOS and Android. Also in 2013, Hardlight developed Sonic Dash, an endless runner.
In 2013, Sonic Lost World was released to mixed reviews, with some critics considering it a fresh take on the Sonic formula and others a poorly designed mess.
In 2013, development of a live-action animated Sonic the Hedgehog film began when Sony Pictures Entertainment acquired the film rights.
In 2013, the notable Sonic fangame Sonic After the Sequel was released, set between the events of Sonic the Hedgehog 2 and 3.
In June 2014, Sony Pictures Entertainment announced plans to produce Sonic the Hedgehog as a joint venture with Sega's Marza Animation Planet.
By 2014, the Sonic the Hedgehog games had grossed over $5 billion in sales.
In 2014, Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games was released for the Wii U. Also in 2014, Sonic Boom: Rise of Lyric for the Wii U and Sonic Boom: Shattered Crystal for the 3DS were released, based on the Sonic Boom television series.
By February 2015, the two Sonic Boom games had sold only 490,000 copies combined, making them the worst-selling Sonic games. Also in 2015, Sega acknowledged that the company had "partially betrayed" the trust of the longtime fans and hoped to focus on quality over quantity.
In June 2015, Aaron Webber took charge of the Sonic the Hedgehog series' Twitter account (@sonic_hedgehog), which became known for internet memes and self-deprecating comments.
In 2015, Sonic Team released Sonic Runners, its first game for mobile devices.
In 2015, the notable Sonic fangame Sonic Dreams Collection was released, satirizing the series' fandom.
In a 2015 interview with Polygon, Iizuka acknowledged that contemporary Sonic games had been disappointing and that the Sonic Team logo would stand as a "mark of quality" moving forward.
In July 2016, Sega announced two Sonic games at San Diego Comic-Con to coincide with the series' 25th anniversary: Sonic Mania and Sonic Forces.
By 2016, the cumulative sales of the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise had reached over 140 million copies.
In 2016, Sonic Boom: Fire & Ice, a Shattered Crystal sequel, was released.
In 2016, the announcement of Sonic Mania brought further hope for the Sonic franchise's future, with journalists describing it as a true continuation of the Genesis games.
In August 2017, Sonic Mania was released and became the best-reviewed Sonic game in 15 years.
In October 2017, Paramount Pictures acquired the rights to the Sonic the Hedgehog film after Sony put the film into turnaround.
In 2017, Gameloft released a sequel to Sonic Runners, Sonic Runners Adventure, to generally positive reviews.
In 2017, Sonic Mania and Sonic Forces were released for multiple platforms. Sonic Mania received the best reviews for a Sonic game in 15 years, while Sonic Forces received mixed reviews.
In 2017, a review of Sonic Lost World by YouTube user Gregzilla, as well as fans of PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds streamer Forsen, who often reference the African country Uganda, inspired the Ugandan Knuckles meme.
In December 2017, PlayStation Gear began selling Sonic items.
In January 2018, players flooded the virtual reality game VRChat with avatars depicting "Ugandan Knuckles", a deformed version of Knuckles the Echidna, leading to controversy.
In 2018, Sonic and Eggman appear as minor characters in the Walt Disney Animation Studios film Ralph Breaks the Internet, and Sonic makes a cameo in Ready Player One.
By 2019, Sonic series sales and free-to-play mobile game downloads totaled 920 million.
In 2019, Sega released a kart racing game, Team Sonic Racing, developed by Sumo Digital.
In 2019, a Green Hill Zone Lego set was suggested on Lego Ideas.
In February 2020, 'Sonic the Hedgehog' was released and received generally positive reviews, exceeding expectations for a video game-based film. The film became the highest-grossing film based on a video game in US box office history at the time, and was the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2020.
In May 2020, Sonic the Hedgehog 2 was officially announced.
By 2020, Sonic Dash, released in 2013, had been downloaded over 350 million times.
By 2020, Sonic series sales and free-to-play mobile game downloads exceeded 1.14 billion.
Since 2020, Paramount Pictures has been distributing a series of live-action animated Sonic films. The films have been directed by Jeff Fowler, written by Patrick Casey and Josh Miller, and produced by Neal H. Moritz.
In May 2021, Sega announced several Sonic projects for the series' 30th anniversary, including a remaster of Sonic Colors, the compilation Sonic Origins, and the 2022 game Sonic Frontiers.
On June 23, 2021, Sega presented the Sonic the Hedgehog 30th Anniversary Symphony as a free live stream on YouTube and Twitch to celebrate Sonic's 30th anniversary. Performances included orchestral arrangements by the Prague Philharmonic Orchestra and pop rock arrangements by the Tomoya Ohtani Band and Crush 40, with Nathan Sharp as a guest singer.
In 2021, Sega and The Lego Group collaborated to produce a Green Hill Zone Lego set, based on a suggestion from Lego Ideas in 2019.
In 2021, Werewolves Within tied with Sonic the Hedgehog 3 as the highest rated film adapted from a video game on Rotten Tomatoes.
In April 2022, Sonic the Hedgehog 2 was released, featuring Sonic and Tails attempting to stop Eggman and Knuckles from finding the Master Emerald. The movie surpassed the first film as the highest-grossing video game film in the US.
On October 12, 2022, the Sonic Symphony tour held its first live concert at the 2022 Brasil Game Show.
In 2022, Sega released Sonic Frontiers, the first Sonic game to feature open-world design.
In 2022, Sonic makes a cameo in Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers.
By 2023, Sonic series sales and free-to-play mobile game downloads exceeded 1.6 billion.
In 2023, a Japanese team developing the Radio & Plasma Wave Investigation (RPWI) instrumentation for the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer spacecraft, to be launched by ESA and Airbus, received approval to use Sonic as the mascot.
In 2023, a full Lego Sonic the Hedgehog theme was launched.
In late 2023, the Sonic Symphony tour continued with more concerts as part of the Sonic Symphony World Tour.
In April 2024, 'Knuckles', a spin-off streaming television series for Paramount+, premiered. The series, set after the events of Sonic the Hedgehog 2, follows Knuckles as he trains a protégé.
In December 2024, Sonic the Hedgehog 3 was released, adapting the story of Sonic Adventure 2. Jeff Fowler directed from a script by Casey, Miller, and Whittington.
As of 2024, the Sonic the Hedgehog series sales and free-to-play mobile game downloads totaled 1.77 billion.
By 2024, Sonic series sales and free-to-play mobile game downloads exceeded 1.77 billion.
In 2024, Sega and DC Comics announced a Sonic-themed partnership on Batman Day. The collaboration involves a five-issue limited series, penned by Flynn, where Sonic characters embody Justice League heroes like Batman and the Flash, set to launch in March 2025.
In 2024, Sonic media emphasized Shadow the Hedgehog as part of Sega's "Fearless: Year of Shadow" campaign. This included the release of Shadow Generations, events in mobile games, music in the Sonic Symphony World Tour, and Shadow's role in the film Sonic the Hedgehog 3.
In 2024, the Sonic Symphony tour continued with concerts as part of the Sonic Symphony World Tour.
As of January 2025, the Sonic film series has grossed over US$1 billion worldwide. Elements from the films have been incorporated in the Sonic games, including in downloadable content (DLC) for Shadow Generations which establishes that the films take place in an alternate universe from the games.
As of February 2025, the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise has sold over 182.13 million copies and is currently grossing over $6.36 billion.
In March 2025, the Sonic-themed partnership between Sega and DC Comics will begin with the release of a five-issue limited series. The series, written by Flynn, will feature Sonic characters taking on the roles of Justice League heroes like Batman and The Flash.
In 2027, Paramount is scheduled to release Sonic the Hedgehog 4.
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