Switzerland is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany, France, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Italy. Its diverse geography includes the Swiss Alps, the Swiss Plateau, and the Jura Mountains. The Alps cover much of the territory, while the plateau is home to most of the population and major cities like Zurich, Geneva, and Bern. The country's population is around 9 million.
Since the pre-industrial period of 1871–1900, the national average temperature has risen by 2.9 °C.
In 1901, Johanna Spyri, the creator of Heidi, died.
In 1902, the Latin name Confoederatio Helvetica was inscribed on the Federal Palace.
In 1911, Max Frisch, a later writer of Swiss literature, was born.
In 1912, the later SUVA (Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund) was attributed to Lucerne as a federal institution.
In August 1914, the second general mobilisation was declared to ensure the integrity and neutrality of Switzerland in response to the First World War outbreak.
In 1917, during World War I, Vladimir Lenin remained in Switzerland until 1917. Swiss neutrality was questioned by the Grimm–Hoffmann affair in 1917.
In 1917, the Federal Insurance Court was attributed to Lucerne as a federal institution.
In 1920, Switzerland joined the League of Nations, which was based in Geneva, after being exempted from military requirements.
In 1921, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, a later writer of Swiss literature, was born.
In 1928, St. Moritz hosted the second Winter Olympic Games.
In 1930, the headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) moved to Basel.
Switzerland transitioned from a largely rural country to an urban one between 1930 and 2000.
In 1931, the first world ski championships were held in Mürren, Switzerland.
In 1934, the Swiss franc was complemented by the WIR franc.
In 1934, the World Ski Championships were held in St. Moritz, Switzerland.
After 1935, urban development claimed as much of the Swiss landscape as it did during the prior 2,000 years.
In September 1939, the third mobilisation took place in response to the German attack on Poland.
In June 1940, the Swiss Air Force engaged aircraft of both sides, shooting down 11 intruding Luftwaffe planes.
In 1942, economic cooperation with Nazi Germany reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed, isolating Switzerland from the wider world.
Between 1940 and 1945, Switzerland was bombed by the Allies, causing fatalities and property damage in various cities and towns.
In 1947, Charles Ferdinand Ramuz, a French-speaking Swiss author, died.
After 1948, the Latin name Confoederatio Helvetica was used in the official seal, such as the ISO banking code "CHF" for the Swiss franc.
Following the 1955 Le Mans disaster, motorsport racecourses and events were banned in Switzerland with exceptions for events such as hillclimbing.
In 1956, Switzerland hosted the inaugural Eurovision Song Contest in Lugano and won with Lys Assia.
In 1959, some Swiss cantons approved women the right to vote.
Since 1959, the government has been a coalition of the four major political parties.
In 1960, the Helvetica typeface was developed, taking its name from the Helvetii, a Gaulish tribe.
In 1960, the expenditures of the Swiss Confederation were at 7% of GDP.
In 1961, Blaise Cendrars (born Frédéric Sauser), a French-speaking Swiss author, died.
In 1964, Switzerland joined the Council of Europe, marking a step in its active foreign policy.
In 1968, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968 was seen as a valid alternative to building nuclear weapons.
In 1969, the EPFL (École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne) was attributed to Lausanne as a federal institution.
In 1969, the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Lausanne was founded; it was formerly associated with the University of Lausanne.
Since about 1970, a steadily growing minority were not affiliated with any religious body in Switzerland.
In 1971, women's right to vote was achieved at the federal level.
Since 1971, warming has increased continuously every decade.
In 1975, Switzerland was one of the 10 founders of the European Space Agency.
In 1979, areas from the canton of Bern attained independence, forming the new canton of Jura.
In 1984, Elisabeth Kopp became the first woman on the seven-member Federal Council executive, serving until 1989.
In 1986, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer earned the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope.
In 1988, Celine Dion won the Eurovision Song Contest for Switzerland.
In 1988, plans for building nuclear weapons were dropped due to financial and ethical considerations, and the Paul Scherrer Institute was founded to explore therapeutic uses of neutron scattering technologies.
In 1989, Elisabeth Kopp's term as the first woman on the seven-member Federal Council executive ended.
In 1989, Switzerland hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in Lausanne.
By 1990, the number of inhabitants had quadrupled in Switzerland since 1800, due to rapid population growth during the industrial era.
From 1990, health costs in Switzerland more or less steadily increased.
In 1990, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, a later writer of Swiss literature, died.
In 1990, the expenditures of the Swiss Confederation were at 9.7% of GDP.
In 1990, the last canton, Appenzell Innerrhoden, granted women the right to vote.
The country pledged to cut GHG emissions by 50% by 2030 compared to the level of 1990.
In 1991, Max Frisch, a later writer of Swiss literature, died.
The nationwide average annual temperature in 2022 reached 7.4 °C (1.6 °C above the 1991–2020 norm).
In May 1992, an application for membership in the European Union was sent, but did not advance due to rejecting the EEA in December 1992.
In December 1992, Switzerland rejected the EEA (European Economic Area) in a referendum.
Since 1995, Switzerland, together with Liechtenstein, has been surrounded by the EU since Austria's entry.
On 18 April 1999, the Swiss population and the cantons voted in favor of a completely revised federal constitution.
In 1999, Ruth Dreifuss became the first female president of Switzerland.
The 1999 Constitution doesn't mention a Federal City, and the Federal Council hasn't addressed this matter.
The Federal Constitution adopted in 1848 has been completely revised twice, once in 1874 and again in 1999.
In June 2000, the unemployment rate in Switzerland was 1.7%.
In 2000, English was elevated in a few cantons as the first foreign language in school, traditionally one of the other Swiss languages.
In 2000, the nuclear moratorium in Switzerland expired.
Since 2000 the armed force department has maintained the Onyx intelligence gathering system to monitor satellite communications.
Switzerland transitioned from a largely rural country to an urban one between 1930 and 2000.
In 2001, 'Das Versprechen (The Pledge)' by Friedrich Dürrenmatt was released as a Hollywood film starring Jack Nicholson.
Seven bilateral agreements liberalised trade ties, taking effect in 2001. This first series of bilateral agreements included the free movement of persons.
In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations. It was the first state to join it by referendum.
In 2002, Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations.
In 2002, Switzerland joined the United Nations, further pursuing its active foreign policy and involvement in global governance.
On 18 May 2003, two anti-nuclear referendums, Moratorium Plus and Electricity Without Nuclear, were defeated in Switzerland.
In 2003, Switzerland had the second highest rate (almost 18%) of foreign students in tertiary education, after Australia (slightly over 18%).
In 2003, the Swiss sailing team Alinghi won the America's Cup, becoming the first European team to do so.
Since 2003, the seven seats in the Federal Council have been distributed according to the "magic formula".
The reform "Army XXI" was adopted by popular vote in 2003, replacing "Army 95", reducing the rolls from 400,000 to about 200,000.
In 2004, Roger Federer ended the year ranked no. 1 in the ATP rankings.
In 2004, a second series of agreements covering nine areas was signed, including the Schengen Treaty and the Dublin Convention.
In 2004, about 25% of employees in Switzerland belonged to a trade union. Population growth, driven by net immigration, reached 0.52% of the population in 2004.
In 2004, the Federal Criminal Court was attributed to Bellinzona as a federal institution.
On 5 June 2005, Swiss voters agreed by a 55% majority to join the Schengen treaty.
In 2005, Roger Federer ended the year ranked no. 1 in the ATP rankings.
In 2005, Swiss motorcycle racer Thomas Lüthi won the MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category.
In 2006, Roger Federer ended the year ranked no. 1 in the ATP rankings.
In 2006, a referendum approved 1 billion francs of supportive investment in Southern and Central European countries in support of positive ties to the EU as a whole.
Since 2006, Geneva hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council.
In 2007, Roger Federer ended the year ranked no. 1 in the ATP rankings.
In 2007, Switzerland won the A1GP World Cup of Motorsport with driver Neel Jani.
In 2007, housing and food price levels were 171% and 145% of the EU-25 index in Switzerland, compared to 113% and 104% in Germany.
In 2007, the Swiss sailing team Alinghi successfully defended the title in the America's Cup.
In December 2009, the unemployment rate in Switzerland reached 4.4%.
In 2009, Roger Federer ended the year ranked no. 1 in the ATP rankings.
In 2009, Switzerland hosted the IIHF World Championship for the tenth time.
A 2010 microcensus discovered that in Zurich, 32% of inhabitants use the city's public transport regularly while 26% depended on a personal vehicle.
In 2010, The Swiss Federal budget reached 62.8 billion Swiss francs, 11.35% of GDP.
The nine warmest years in Switzerland were all recorded after 2010.
Following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, in 2011 the Swiss government announced plans to end the use of nuclear energy in the following 20 to 30 years.
In 2012, 21.4% of the Swiss population were not affiliated with any religious body.
In 2012, 34.7% of permanent resident population aged 15 or over had an immigrant background.
In 2012, Geneva Airport handled 13.9 million passengers.
In 2012, the Federal Administrative Court and Federal Patent Court were attributed to St. Gallen as federal institutions.
In 2013, Switzerland became World Vice-Champion in ice hockey.
On 9 February 2014, 50.3% of Swiss voters approved a ballot initiative launched by the Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC) to restrict immigration.
According to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, Switzerland ranked first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment.
In 2014, 10% of the population claimed to have been targeted by racial discrimination, according to the Federal Statistical Office.
In 2014, the Global Green Economy Index placed Switzerland among the top 10 green economies.
In 2014, the unemployment rate in Switzerland decreased to 3.2% and remained steady for several years.
In 2015, Nico Müller won the 24 Hours Nürburgring.
In 2015, a significant reduction of expenditures has been occurring in agriculture and national defence estimated at 12.4%.
In 2015, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ) and the University of Zurich were listed 20th and 54th respectively, on the Academic Ranking of World Universities.
In 2015, the foreign citizen population in Switzerland was 28.9%, about the same as in Australia.
In 2015, the richest 1% in Switzerland owned 35% of the wealth.
In November 2016, Swiss voters rejected a Green Party referendum to accelerate the phaseout of nuclear power.
In December 2016, a political compromise with the EU was attained that eliminated quotas on EU citizens, but still allowed favorable treatment of Swiss-based job applicants.
In 2016, Switzerland's consumption required 4.6 hectares of biocapacity - their ecological footprint, 4.6 times as much as Swiss territory can support.
In 2016, the languages most spoken at home among permanent residents aged 15 and older were Swiss German (59.4%), French (23.5%), Standard German (10.6%), and Italian (8.5%).
The membership application was formally withdrawn in 2016.
In 2017, Switzerland ranked 11th when nominal GDP is adjusted for purchasing power.
In 2017, population growth (from net immigration) in Switzerland fell to 0.54% of the population.
2018 was one of the warmest years in Switzerland.
A follow-up study conducted in 2018 reported that 59% considered racism a serious problem in Switzerland, and almost 17% of the population claimed to have been targeted by racial discrimination.
As of 2018 the cantons comprised 2,222 municipalities.
In 2018, Switzerland became World Vice-Champion in ice hockey.
In 2018, Switzerland is considered as the "land of Cooperatives" with the ten largest cooperative companies accounting for more than 11% of GDP.
In 2018, Switzerland ranked 5th when nominal GDP is adjusted for purchasing power.
In 2018, the canton of Basel-City had the highest GDP per capita, ahead of Zug and Geneva.
In 2018, the unemployment rate in Switzerland further dropped to 2.5%.
The newest reform of the military, Weiterentwicklung der Armee (WEA), started in 2018 and was expected to reduce the number of army personnel to 100,000 by the end of 2022.
In 2019 more than two-thirds (68%) of the permanent resident population indicated speaking more than one language regularly.
In 2019, Switzerland has been ranked the most innovative country in the Global Innovation Index.
In 2019, Switzerland was ranked 87th on the Academic Ranking of World Universities.
In 2019, the average population density in Switzerland was 215.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (557/sq mi).
In 2019, the unemployment rate in Switzerland continued to fall, reaching 2.3%.
In 2019, wealth inequality in Switzerland increased.
Switzerland had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.53/10, ranking it 150th globally out of 172 countries.
In September 2020, voters rejected the attempt to retake control of immigration, defeating the motion by a roughly 63%–37% margin.
On 27 September 2020, 62% of Swiss voters rejected the anti-free movement referendum by SVP.
2020 was one of the warmest years in Switzerland.
According to the World Factbook, as of 2020, the largest ethnic group in Switzerland is Swiss (69.2%).
In 2020, Switzerland has been ranked the most innovative country in the Global Innovation Index.
In 2020, Switzerland ranked 9th when nominal GDP is adjusted for purchasing power.
In 2020, Switzerland was ranked third out of 180 countries in environmental performance.
In 2020, the Roman Catholic Church had 3,048,475 registered members (35.2% of the population), while the Swiss Reformed Church had 2,015,816 members (23.3% of the population).
2021 figures show that 39.5% of the permanent resident population aged 15 or over had an immigrant background.
As of 2021, Switzerland is the thirteenth largest exporter, and the fifth largest per capita.
In 2021, Switzerland has been ranked the most innovative country in the Global Innovation Index.
In May 2022, the ban on motorsport racecourses and events in Switzerland was lifted.
In 2022, Switzerland has been ranked the most innovative country in the Global Innovation Index.
In 2022, the life expectancy at birth in Switzerland was 82.2 years for men and 85.8 years for women, and spending on health was 11.7% of GDP.
In 2022, the median monthly gross income in Switzerland was 6,788 francs per month (equivalent to US$7,467 per month).
The nationwide average annual temperature in 2022 reached 7.4 °C (1.6 °C above the 1991–2020 norm), the highest value since measurements began in 1864.
The newest reform of the military, Weiterentwicklung der Armee (WEA), started in 2018 and was expected to reduce the number of army personnel to 100,000 by the end of 2022.
2023 was one of the warmest years in Switzerland.
As of 2023, Christian minority communities include Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches (2.8%), Evangelical reformed churches (1.1%), Neo-Pietism (0.4%), Pentecostalism (0.4%), Adventists (0.4%), Apostolic communities (0.2%), and the Old Catholic Church (0.1%). Non-Christian religions include Islam (5.8%), Hinduism (0.6%), Buddhism (0.5%), and Judaism (0.2%).
In 2023, Switzerland has been ranked the most innovative country in the Global Innovation Index.
In 2023, resident foreigners made up 26.3% of Switzerland's population, with most originating from European countries.
In 2023, the Swiss rail network carried 614 million passengers, and each Swiss resident traveled on average 2,446 kilometers by rail.
In 2023, the unemployment rate in Switzerland reached a 20-year low of 2%.
Switzerland became a member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2023–2024 period.
Switzerland had the second-highest global rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2023, while also providing significant public services.
As of June 2024, the Swiss population is about 9 million.
2024 was one of the warmest years in Switzerland.
According to the 2024 Global Peace Index, Switzerland is the 6th most peaceful country in the world.
By 2024, half of the Swiss population never attended a religious event in the past 12 months according to the Federal Statistical Office.
In 2024 the CIA world factbook ranked Switzerland as having the 10th highest GDP per capita (at purchasing power parity) in the world.
In 2024, Nemo won the Eurovision Song Contest for Switzerland.
In 2024, Switzerland became World Vice-Champion in ice hockey.
In 2024, Switzerland has been ranked the most innovative country in the Global Innovation Index.
In 2024, Switzerland ranked 9th in the Environmental Performance Index, with high scores in air pollution, sanitation, drinking water, waste management, and climate change mitigation.
In 2024, Zurich Airport handled 31.2 million passengers, making it Switzerland's largest international flight gateway.
In November 2025, Switzerland's Federal Roads Office (FEDRO) granted WeRide a driverless permit to operate autonomously on public roads in the Furttal region, making it the first driverless Robotaxi permit for passengers issued in Switzerland.
In 2025, Switzerland had approximately 6,562,600 motor vehicles (excluding mopeds).
In 2025, Switzerland will host the Eurovision Song Contest in Basel.
In 2025, The European Union labeled Switzerland Europe's most innovative country. Switzerland has been ranked the most innovative country in the Global Innovation Index.
In 2026, German will be the main language spoken natively by 62% of the population.
The country pledged to cut GHG emissions by 50% by 2030 compared to the level of 1990.
Population growth in Switzerland is projected to continue to 2035, mostly due to immigration.
Switzerland plans to reach zero emissions by 2050.
The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) supports the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation's energy use by more than half by 2050.
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