History of Winston Churchill in Timeline
Sir Winston Churchill was a prominent British statesman, soldier, and writer who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Holding office from 1940 to 1945 during World War II and again from 1951 to 1955, he demonstrated unwavering leadership during a tumultuous period. Churchill's political career spanned over six decades, with membership in both the Conservative and Liberal parties. His legacy is marked by his eloquent speeches, wartime strategies, and dedication to public service.
January 1900: Military Service in South Africa
Churchill rejoined the army in January 1900 and served in South Africa during the Second Boer War.
October 1900: Election to Parliament and Publication of "London to Ladysmith via Pretoria"
Churchill won a seat in Parliament in October 1900 and published his book about the South African War, "London to Ladysmith via Pretoria."
1900: Entry into Parliament
Churchill was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) in 1900.
February 1901: Maiden Speech in Parliament
Churchill delivered his maiden speech in the House of Commons in February 1901, garnering significant attention.
1901: Lecture Tour and Meeting Notable Figures
Churchill embarked on a lecture tour in America and Europe in 1901, meeting prominent figures like Mark Twain and Theodore Roosevelt.
October 1903: Conservative Opposition to Churchill's Candidacy
Due to Churchill's criticism of the government's protectionist policies, the Oldham Conservative Association decided not to support his candidacy in the upcoming general election in October 1903.
May 1904: Opposition to the Aliens Bill
Churchill opposed the Aliens Bill, which aimed to restrict Jewish immigration, arguing for tolerance and free entry in May 1904.
1904: Joining the Liberal Party
Churchill joined the Liberal Party in 1904.
1904: Churchill's Stance on Immigration and Anti-Semitism
In 1904, while fiercely opposing the Aliens Bill, Churchill expressed his opposition to anti-Semitism. However, he harbored concerns about immigration from the Commonwealth. Notably, during the 1920s, Churchill supported Zionism but also subscribed to the belief in an international Jewish conspiracy fueling communism, a viewpoint that drew criticism from the Jewish Chronicle.
December 1905: Balfour Resigns, Liberals Prepare for Election
In December 1905, Balfour resigned as prime minister, paving the way for the Liberal party's potential rise to power under Henry Campbell-Bannerman.
January 1906: Liberal Victory and Churchill's Success
January 1906 marked a successful period for Churchill. He won the Manchester North West seat in the general election, which the Liberals won. He also published his biography of his father, receiving critical acclaim and financial reward. Notably, the first biography dedicated to Churchill himself, penned by Alexander MacCallum Scott, was also released during this time.
April 1908: Churchill's Appointment and By-election Defeat
In April 1908, following Asquith's succession of the ailing Campbell-Bannerman, Churchill was appointed President of the Board of Trade at the age of 33, making him the youngest Cabinet member since 1866. His new role necessitated a by-election, which he lost in Manchester North West but subsequently won in the safe seat of Dundee.
September 1908: Churchill's Marriage to Clementine Hozier
Churchill married Clementine Hozier in September 1908 at St Margaret's, Westminster. Their honeymoon took them to Baveno, Venice, and Veveří Castle in Moravia. Their marriage proved to be a source of stability and happiness for Churchill throughout his career.
April 1909: The "People's Budget" and Opposition from the Lords
In April 1909, Lloyd George, with Churchill's firm support, presented the "People's Budget," aimed at poverty reduction through unprecedented taxes on the wealthy to finance Liberal welfare programs. The budget faced resistance from the Conservative-dominated House of Lords, leading to a political clash.
May 1909: Churchill's Labour Reforms
In May 1909, Churchill championed several worker-centric policies. He proposed the Labour Exchanges Bill, aiming to establish over 200 Labour Exchanges to assist the unemployed. He also promoted an unemployment insurance scheme, suggesting partial state funding. These efforts demonstrated his commitment to social reform and worker welfare.
July 1909: Birth of Diana Churchill
Diana, the first child of Winston and Clementine Churchill, was born in July 1909.
January 1910: General Election and Narrow Liberal Victory
Following the House of Lords' veto of the "People's Budget," a general election was called in January 1910. The Liberals narrowly secured victory, and Churchill retained his Dundee seat.
February 1910: Churchill as Home Secretary and Prison Reform
Churchill's appointment as Home Secretary in February 1910 gave him authority over the police and prison systems. He implemented prison reforms, including distinguishing between criminal and political prisoners, relaxing rules for the latter, establishing prison libraries, mandating prison entertainment, and easing solitary confinement regulations.
November 1910: Tonypandy Riots and Churchill's Controversial Response
Churchill's handling of the Tonypandy riots, a violent protest by coal miners in November 1910, drew criticism. His decision to send unarmed London police instead of deploying troops was seen as either too lenient or heavy-handed, depending on political perspectives. This event fostered long-term suspicion of Churchill within the labor movement.
November 1910: Suffragette Protests and Churchill's Position
Churchill's stance on women's suffrage, supporting it only with majority male electorate approval, made him a target of suffragette protests. An incident involving a whip attack by suffragist Hugh Franklin highlighted the tensions surrounding this issue.
December 1910: Liberals Secure Victory Again
In the December 1910 general election, the Liberals, under Asquith's leadership, were re-elected, further solidifying their political dominance. Churchill retained his parliamentary seat in Dundee.
January 1911: Siege of Sidney Street and Churchill's Controversial Decision
In January 1911, Churchill's presence at the Siege of Sidney Street, where he allowed a house harboring Latvian burglars to burn down, sparked criticism. His decision, prioritizing the safety of police and firefighters over apprehending the criminals, demonstrated his decisive but controversial approach to law enforcement.
March 1911: Churchill's Initiatives for Safety and Labor Rights
March 1911 saw Churchill introducing the Coal Mines Bill's second reading, advocating for stricter safety measures in coal mines. He also formulated the Shops Bill to enhance working conditions for shop workers, but it faced opposition and passed in a diluted form. These efforts underscored his commitment to social reform and labor rights.
April 1911: Agadir Crisis and Churchill's Strategic Alliance Proposal
During the Agadir Crisis of April 1911, amidst the threat of war between France and Germany, Churchill put forth a strategic proposition. He suggested forming an alliance with France and Russia as a measure to safeguard the independence of Belgium, Denmark, and the Netherlands. This proposal aimed to counter the potential threat of German expansionism. The Agadir Crisis had a significant impact on Churchill, leading him to reassess and modify his stance on the necessity of naval expansion.
May 1911: Birth of Randolph Churchill
Randolph, the second child of Winston and Clementine Churchill, was born in May 1911.
October 1911: Churchill's Appointment as First Lord of the Admiralty
In October 1911, Asquith appointed Churchill to the significant position of First Lord of the Admiralty. Assuming this role, Churchill took up official residence at Admiralty House.
1911: Passage of the Parliament Act and Reduction of Lords' Powers
Churchill's persistent campaigning against the House of Lords, coupled with his support for the Parliament Act 1911, led to the reduction and restriction of its powers. This marked a significant shift in the British political landscape.
1912: Irish Home Rule Bill and Churchill's Advocacy
In 1912, Asquith's government introduced the Home Rule Bill, a piece of legislation aimed at granting Ireland a degree of self-governance. Churchill emerged as a vocal supporter of this bill, urging Ulster Unionists, who opposed the measure, to reconsider their stance. Churchill's support for the bill stemmed from his firm belief that the partition of Ireland was not the solution. He argued against the idea of dividing the island, asserting that a single province, Ulster, should not hold the power to obstruct the will of the majority or impede reconciliation between the British and Irish populations.
1912: Churchill's Naval Preparations and Response to German Naval Law
Upon assuming the role of First Lord of the Admiralty, Churchill wasted no time in prioritizing naval preparedness. He established a dedicated naval war staff and, over the subsequent two and a half years, devoted his energies to strengthening the navy. Churchill's efforts included conducting visits to naval stations and dockyards, striving to bolster morale among the ranks, and meticulously scrutinizing developments within the German navy. In 1912, the German government enacted the German Naval Law, aimed at accelerating warship production. In response, Churchill made a resolute pledge: for every new battleship constructed by Germany, Britain would counter by building two. To mitigate the escalating naval race, Churchill extended an invitation to Germany, proposing a mutual de-escalation of naval construction projects. However, the German government declined this offer.
December 1913: Churchill's Advocacy for Naval Expenditure and Battleship Construction
Throughout his tenure, Churchill consistently championed improved conditions for naval personnel, advocating for higher pay and enhanced recreational amenities. Recognizing the evolving nature of warfare, he pushed for increased construction of submarines. Additionally, Churchill sought to revitalize the Royal Naval Air Service, encouraging experimentation with the potential military applications of aircraft. In December 1913, Churchill issued a bold ultimatum: he threatened to resign from his position if his proposal for the construction of four new battleships between 1914 and 1915 was rejected. This firm stance underscored his unwavering commitment to bolstering Britain's naval capabilities in the face of mounting international tensions.
1913: Churchill's Advocacy for a United Ireland
In 1913, during his time as a minister, Winston Churchill proposed that Ulster should become a part of a unified Ireland. He suggested that Ulster could maintain a certain degree of autonomy while being under the governance of an independent Irish government.
June 1914: Churchill Secures Oil Access for the Royal Navy
In June 1914, Churchill successfully persuaded the House of Commons to authorize a strategic move. The government would acquire a 51 percent stake in the profits generated by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. This maneuver aimed to secure a continuous and reliable supply of oil for the Royal Navy, recognizing its paramount importance in maintaining Britain's maritime dominance.
August 1914: Outbreak of World War I and Churchill's Naval Actions
As First Lord of the Admiralty, Churchill found himself at the helm of Britain's naval operations when the First World War erupted in August 1914. The Royal Navy played a pivotal role in transporting 120,000 British troops to France, marking the beginning of Britain's involvement in the conflict. Simultaneously, the navy initiated a blockade of Germany's North Sea ports, aiming to restrict the enemy's access to vital resources.
October 1914: Birth of Sarah Churchill
Sarah, the third child of Winston and Clementine Churchill, was born in October 1914.
1914: Gold Standard Reinstated at 1914 Parity
Churchill reinstated the gold standard at its 1914 parity in April 1925.
March 1915: Dardanelles Campaign and Churchill's Role
Churchill's interest in the strategic importance of the Middle Eastern theater of war led him to propose a bold plan. He aimed to alleviate pressure on Russian forces in the Caucasus by launching attacks against the Ottoman Empire in the Dardanelles Strait. Churchill harbored hopes that the British forces, with their naval superiority, could potentially capture Constantinople, the Ottoman capital. The plan received approval, and in March 1915, a combined Anglo-French task force initiated a naval bombardment of Turkish defenses in the Dardanelles.
November 1915: Resignation and Military Service
Churchill resigned from his government position and joined the Royal Scots Fusiliers on the Western Front in November 1915.
November 1915: Churchill's Resignation from the Government
In November 1915, Churchill made the significant decision to step down from his position in the government. It's important to note that despite his resignation, he retained his seat in Parliament as an MP. Asquith, however, declined Churchill's request to be appointed Governor-General of British East Africa.
1915: Churchill's Artistic Pursuits
After resigning from the Admiralty in 1915, Winston Churchill sought solace in painting. He became a prolific artist, often using the alias "Charles Morin," and produced a vast collection of artworks, many of which are displayed at his Chartwell studio and held in private collections.
January 1916: Churchill's Return to Active Service
Driven by a sense of duty and a desire to contribute directly to the war effort, Churchill resolved to return to active service within the British Army. He was assigned to the 2nd Grenadier Guards, a regiment stationed on the Western Front, marking a significant shift in his wartime role. In January 1916, Churchill received a temporary promotion to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and was entrusted with the command of the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers. This appointment reflected the trust placed in his leadership abilities, even after the setbacks of the Dardanelles campaign.
May 1916: Churchill's Temporary Promotion Ends
In May 1916, the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers, the battalion under Churchill's command, underwent a merger with the 15th Division. Rather than seeking a new command position, Churchill made the decision to step away from active service. Consequently, his temporary promotion came to an end on 16 May 1916, and he reverted to his previous rank of major.
October 1916: Asquith's Resignation and Lloyd George's Rise
In October 1916, H.H. Asquith resigned from his position as Prime Minister, ushering in a change of leadership for Britain during a critical juncture of the war. David Lloyd George, a prominent figure within the political landscape, succeeded Asquith as Prime Minister.
November 1916: Churchill's Advocacy for Military Improvements
In November 1916, Churchill penned a forward-thinking document titled "The greater application of mechanical power to the prosecution of an offensive on land." This work, however, failed to garner significant attention or support at the time. Churchill's frustration stemmed from his position as a backbencher, sidelined from the direct levers of power. Despite his efforts to contribute constructively to the war effort, he found himself repeatedly blamed for the Gallipoli disaster, primarily by the pro-Conservative press, which sought to discredit his military judgment.
May 1917: Churchill's Mission to France
In May 1917, Prime Minister David Lloyd George entrusted Churchill with a mission of considerable importance. Churchill was dispatched to France with the objective of assessing and inspecting the French war effort. This assignment highlighted Lloyd George's recognition of Churchill's experience and insights into military matters, despite the controversies surrounding his previous role in the Dardanelles campaign.
October 1917: Churchill's Plan for Allied Victory
In October 1917, Churchill demonstrated his strategic thinking and commitment to securing an Allied victory. He penned a letter addressed to his colleagues within the Cabinet, outlining a comprehensive plan of attack for the following year, 1918. Churchill firmly believed that this plan held the key to finally breaking the stalemate on the Western Front and achieving a decisive triumph over the Central Powers.
June 1918: Churchill Resolves Munitions Strike
In June 1918, a second strike disrupted vital munitions production, threatening to hamper the war effort. Churchill, demonstrating his decisive leadership, took a firm stance to resolve the situation. He issued a stern ultimatum to the striking workers, threatening to conscript them into the army if they did not return to work. This bold move effectively ended the strike, ensuring the continued flow of essential munitions to the front lines.
November 1918: Birth of Marigold Churchill
Marigold, the fourth child of Winston and Clementine Churchill, was born in November 1918.
November 1918: Armistice and the Birth of Marigold Churchill
November 1918 marked a momentous month, witnessing both the end of the First World War and a joyous occasion in Churchill's personal life. On November 11, 1918, the Armistice was signed, bringing an end to the hostilities that had ravaged Europe for over four years. Just four days after this historic event, on November 15, 1918, Churchill's family welcomed a new addition—their fourth child, a daughter named Marigold, was born.
December 1918: General Election and Churchill's Campaign
Following the armistice, Lloyd George called for a general election, with voting taking place on 14 December 1918. Throughout the election campaign, Churchill actively engaged with the electorate, articulating his vision for a post-war Britain. His campaign platform encompassed a range of progressive policies, including the nationalization of railways, measures to curb monopolies, tax reforms aimed at fostering greater economic equality, and the establishment of a League of Nations to prevent future conflicts.
1918: Resolution of Women's Suffrage
The issue of women's suffrage remained unresolved until 1918, highlighting the complexities and delays in achieving this significant social and political change.
January 1919: Churchill Appointed Secretary of State for War and Air
In January 1919, Prime Minister David Lloyd George, having secured victory in the general election, made significant cabinet appointments. Churchill, having proven his abilities during the war, was entrusted with a dual role of considerable responsibility. He was appointed as both Secretary of State for War, overseeing the British Army, and Secretary of State for Air, a newly created position reflecting the growing importance of air power.
February 1921: Appointment as Secretary of State for the Colonies
In February 1921, Churchill assumed the role of Secretary of State for the Colonies.
August 1921: Death of Marigold Churchill
Tragically, Marigold Churchill passed away from sepsis in August 1921.
1921: Churchill's Renewed Advocacy for a United Ireland
Churchill revisited his idea of incorporating Ulster into a unified Ireland in 1921. Despite facing opposition from Ulster Unionists, he continued to advocate for this vision, demonstrating his persistent belief in a united Ireland.
February 1922: Churchill's Stance on Irish Unity
Speaking in the House of Commons on 16 February 1922, Churchill articulated his perspective on the aspirations of the Irish people, stating, "What Irishmen all over the world most desire is not hostility against this country, but the unity of their own." This statement highlighted Churchill's understanding of the deep-seated desire for unity among the Irish population, even amidst the complex political landscape.
September 1922: Birth of Mary Churchill
Mary, the youngest child of Winston and Clementine Churchill, was born in September 1922.
September 1922: Chanak Crisis Erupts
The Chanak Crisis emerged in September 1922 when Turkish forces posed a threat to the Dardanelles neutral zone, guarded by British troops stationed in Chanak.
October 1922: Appendicitis and Political Changes
In October 1922, Churchill underwent surgery for appendicitis. During his hospitalization, Lloyd George's coalition dissolved, and he lost his Dundee seat in the general election.
November 1922: Conservative Party Withdrawal and General Election
Following the Chanak Crisis, in November 1922, a political turmoil resulted in the Conservative Party withdrawing from the government, prompting a general election.
April 1923: Publication of "The World Crisis"
The first volume of Churchill's autobiographical war history, "The World Crisis," was released in April 1923.
1923: General Election and Opposition to Labour Government
Churchill unsuccessfully contested the 1923 general election as a Liberal candidate. He opposed the Labour government's policies, particularly their financial support of Soviet Russia.
March 1924: Stands as Independent Candidate
On March 19, 1924, Churchill participated in the Westminster Abbey by-election as an independent anti-socialist candidate but faced defeat.
November 1924: Rejoins Conservative Party and Becomes Chancellor of the Exchequer
On November 6, 1924, Churchill officially returned to the Conservative Party and was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer.
April 1925: Restoration of the Gold Standard
In his first budget in April 1925, Churchill made the controversial decision to reinstate the gold standard at its 1914 parity.
1925: Return to Gold Standard
As Chancellor of the Exchequer, Churchill returned the pound sterling to the gold standard in 1925.
1926: General Strike and Advocacy for Minimum Wage
During the 1926 General Strike, Churchill oversaw the government's anti-strike newspaper. Later, he advocated for a legally mandated minimum wage.
1927: Churchill Meets Mussolini
In 1927, Churchill traveled to Rome, where he met Benito Mussolini and expressed admiration for his stance against Leninism.
April 1929: Churchill Presents Five Budgets
Churchill presented a total of five budgets between his appointment and April 1929.
1929: Conservative Defeat and Literary Pursuits
Churchill retained his Epping seat in the 1929 general election, but the Conservatives lost. During this time, he began writing "Marlborough: His Life and Times."
October 1930: Publication of "My Early Life"
Churchill released his autobiography, "My Early Life," in October 1930, which achieved commercial success and was translated into numerous languages.
1930: Churchill's Early Support for Pan-Europeanism
As early as 1930, Churchill expressed support for a unified Europe, suggesting a "United States of Europe" in an article. This early advocacy for European cooperation demonstrates his forward-thinking approach to international relations and foreshadowed his later support for European integration after World War II.
January 1931: Resignation from Shadow Cabinet over India's Dominion Status
Churchill resigned from the Conservative Shadow Cabinet in January 1931 due to his opposition to granting Dominion status to India, a move supported by Baldwin.
October 1931: Conservative Victory and Churchill Sidelined
The Conservatives won a landslide victory in the October 1931 general election, but Churchill was not offered a ministerial position despite increasing his majority.
January 1932: Accident and Convalescence
In January 1932, Churchill was hit by a car in New York City, sustaining a head injury. He traveled to Nassau to recuperate but experienced depression due to financial and political setbacks.
1932: Travel, Illness, and Writing
In 1932, Churchill visited battlefields in Europe, met Ernst Hanfstaengl, and suffered from paratyphoid fever. He continued working on his biography of Marlborough.
January 1933: Rise of Hitler and Churchill's Warnings
Following Hitler's rise to power in January 1933, Churchill expressed concern over Germany's growing military power, warning about the threat of Nazism.
October 1933: Publication of "Marlborough: His Life and Times"
Churchill began publishing his four-volume work, "Marlborough: His Life and Times," between October 1933 and September 1938, which achieved commercial success.
November 1934: Public Warnings Against Nazism
In November 1934, Churchill publicly addressed his concerns about the Nazi regime through a radio broadcast, denouncing their intolerance and militarism.
December 1934: Opposition to the India Bill
Churchill and 83 other Conservative MPs opposed the India Bill, which was introduced in December 1934 and passed in February 1935.
February 1935: Passage of the India Bill
Churchill and 83 other Conservative MPs opposed the India Bill, which was introduced in December 1934 and passed in February 1935.
June 1935: Baldwin's Return as Prime Minister
After MacDonald's resignation in June 1935, Baldwin became Prime Minister, leading the Conservatives to victory in the 1935 general election. Churchill, despite retaining his seat, was excluded from the government.
January 1936: Edward VIII's Abdication
Churchill supported Edward VIII during the abdication crisis in January 1936, disagreeing with Baldwin's stance. He later pledged loyalty to George VI, though believing the abdication unnecessary.
May 1937: Chamberlain's Appointment as Prime Minister
Churchill initially supported Neville Chamberlain's appointment as Prime Minister in May 1937.
February 1938: Clash with Chamberlain over Appeasement
Churchill clashed with Chamberlain in February 1938 over the appeasement of Mussolini, a policy extended towards Hitler.
September 1938: Completion of "Marlborough: His Life and Times"
Churchill completed his four-volume work, "Marlborough: His Life and Times," between October 1933 and September 1938, which achieved commercial success.
1938: Warnings Against Appeasement and Advocacy for Collective Action
In 1938, Churchill cautioned the government about the dangers of appeasing Germany, advocating for a united front against German aggression. He began publishing his articles in the Daily Telegraph after the Evening Standard ceased their publication.
March 1939: Advocating for a National Coalition and Increased Popularity
Following the disintegration of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, Churchill and his supporters advocated for a unified national coalition, leading to a surge in Churchill's popularity and demands for his return to a prominent political position.
September 1939: Return as First Lord of the Admiralty
When Britain declared war on Germany in September 1939, Churchill was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, rejoining the war cabinet.
December 1939: Celebrating Victory at the Battle of the River Plate
Churchill's reputation grew due to his actions during the "Phoney War," including his enthusiastic celebration of the British victory in the Battle of the River Plate in December 1939.
February 1940: Ordering the Boarding of the Altmark
In February 1940, Churchill's order to board the German ship Altmark, resulting in the liberation of British seamen, further bolstered his public image.
April 1940: Operation Wilfred: Mining Norwegian Waters
Despite disagreements and delays, Churchill initiated Operation Wilfred in April 1940, aiming to disrupt German iron ore shipments from Norway.
May 1940: Becoming Prime Minister during World War II
Churchill became Prime Minister in May 1940, succeeding Neville Chamberlain during World War II.
July 1940: Formation of the SOE and Commandos
In July 1940, Churchill ordered the creation of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and the Commandos, aiming to resist German occupation in Europe through subversive activities and strategic raids.
August 1940: Address During the Battle of Britain
During the peak of the Battle of Britain in August 1940, Churchill delivered a significant address to the House of Commons, famously praising the RAF fighter pilots.
September 1940: The Blitz and Churchill's Resolve
As the Luftwaffe shifted its strategy in September 1940, initiating the Blitz, Churchill remained resolute, believing in Britain's ability to withstand the attacks and recognizing the need for American support for ultimate victory.
September 1940: Destroyers-for-Bases Deal
In September 1940, the British and American governments secured a crucial agreement known as the destroyers-for-bases deal. This deal saw the transfer of fifty American destroyers to the Royal Navy in exchange for the United States gaining free base rights in Bermuda, the Caribbean, and Newfoundland. This trade was strategically advantageous for Britain as it allowed for the reallocation of military resources from these bases to other areas of need.
1940: Appointment as Prime Minister
Churchill became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for the first time in 1940.
1940: Roosevelt's Re-Election
Churchill was relieved by the re-election of President Roosevelt in 1940 due to their strong working relationship, which proved vital in securing crucial supplies for Great Britain during the war.
1940: Churchill's Address to Canadian Parliament and Vote of Confidence
During a speech to the Canadian Parliament, Churchill famously retorted to French predictions of Britain's defeat in 1940 with the line, "some chicken, some neck". This statement referred to earlier French assertions that "Britain alone would have her neck wrung like a chicken." Upon his return to Britain, Churchill faced a vote of confidence in his coalition government amidst growing concerns and criticism. Despite the mounting pressure, he emerged victorious, securing his position as Prime Minister.
1940: Church Bells Silent
Prior to 1942, church bells in Great Britain had remained silent since the early days of 1940, likely due to the outbreak of World War II.
March 1941: Lend-Lease Act
On March 1941, the Lend-Lease Act was formally enacted. This policy, championed by President Roosevelt, provided a way for the United States to supply Great Britain with vital food, oil, and munitions without requiring immediate monetary payment, instead positioning it as a form of defense support for the US.
June 1941: Labour Party's Social Insurance Inquiry
In June 1941, the Labour Party, under Arthur Greenwood, launched an inquiry into social insurance and related services, setting the stage for their post-war reform agenda.
June 1941: Operation Barbarossa & Churchill's Shift in Stance
On June 1941, Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, an event that Churchill had anticipated thanks to intelligence from Bletchley Park. Despite Churchill's attempts to warn Stalin through diplomatic channels, his warnings were disregarded due to Stalin's distrust. This event led to a notable shift in Churchill's stance towards Stalin, famously stating, "If Hitler invaded Hell, I would at least make a favourable reference to the Devil".
August 1941: The Atlantic Charter
In August 1941, Churchill made a significant transatlantic journey, marking his first during the war, to meet with President Roosevelt in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland. This meeting led to the issuance of the Atlantic Charter on August 14th, a joint statement outlining shared goals for the future of the world. The charter is considered a pivotal document that laid the groundwork for the 1942 Declaration by United Nations and ultimately the establishment of the United Nations in June 1945.
December 1941: Declaration of War on Japan and the First Washington Conference
Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent invasion of Malaya on December 7-8, 1941, Churchill declared war on Japan. Seeking support for counter-submarine operations, Churchill reached out to Irish Prime Minister Éamon de Valera, hinting at potential Irish unity in exchange for access to Irish ports. However, no meeting transpired, and no response from de Valera is recorded. Later in December 1941, Churchill traveled to Washington for the First Washington Conference with Roosevelt. This meeting was critical in solidifying the "Europe First" strategy, prioritizing the defeat of Germany over Japan in the Allied war effort.
1941: Initiating the Western Desert Campaign and Responding to Developments in Greece
Churchill ordered the start of the Western Desert Campaign in 1941 as a response to Italy's declaration of war. Despite initial success, the campaign faced challenges with the arrival of German forces. Churchill's decision to shift forces to Greece further complicated the situation.
January 1942: Rommel's Counterattack in North Africa
Despite the Allied success in relieving the Siege of Tobruk and pushing back Rommel's forces in Operation Crusader, a surprise counter-attack launched by Rommel on January 21, 1942, shifted the balance of power in North Africa. This counteroffensive drove the Allies back to Gazala, highlighting the ongoing struggle for control in the region.
February 1942: Fall of Singapore and the Channel Dash
February 1942 marked a low point for Churchill's wartime morale. The fall of Singapore to the Japanese on February 15th, which he deemed "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British military history," dealt a significant blow to British morale. This was compounded by the Kriegsmarine's successful "Channel Dash" on February 11th, a daring naval maneuver that further damaged British prestige.
April 1942: Japanese Occupation of Burma
By the end of April 1942, the Japanese had successfully occupied most of Burma, further extending their control in Southeast Asia. This occupation had a significant impact on the region, leading to widespread instability and exacerbating the already precarious food situation in neighboring India.
May 1942: Molotov's Visit and the Treaty of Friendship
In May 1942, Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov arrived in London with the goal of signing a treaty of friendship with Great Britain. Molotov sought territorial concessions related to Poland and the Baltic states as part of the agreement. Churchill and Eden, seeking a compromise, ultimately agreed to a twenty-year treaty. However, the contentious issue of territorial boundaries was put on hold.
October 1942: Cyclone in Bengal and Bihar
A devastating cyclone struck the Bengal and Bihar regions in October 1942, compounding the already difficult situation created by the ongoing war and Japanese occupation of Burma. This natural disaster, coupled with wartime shortages and administrative challenges, contributed to the worsening famine in Bengal.
November 1942: Publication of the Beveridge Report
The Beveridge Report, published in November 1942, proposed significant post-war reforms in Britain, addressing social issues and garnering widespread public support.
November 1942: Operation Torch
The First Washington Conference in December 1941 resulted in a significant agreement between Churchill and Roosevelt to launch Operation Torch. This operation, aimed at invading French North Africa, was initially slated for the spring of 1942 but was eventually set in motion in November 1942, coinciding with the crucial Second Battle of El Alamein.
December 1942: Food Shortages and Requests for Aid
By December 1942, the food shortages in India had reached a critical level, prompting pleas for grain imports from senior officials in India to London. However, the colonial authorities, failing to grasp the severity of the emerging famine, reacted inadequately. The British government's reluctance to approve substantial imports, citing wartime shipping constraints, contributed to the escalating crisis.
1942: Tide of War Turns
As 1942 came to a close, the Allies began to gain the upper hand in the war, with significant victories in El Alamein and Stalingrad. This marked a turning point as the Germans, previously on the offensive, were now on the defensive.
1942: Inspiration for the 1942 Declaration by United Nations
The Atlantic Charter, signed in 1942, is seen as a key source of inspiration for the 1942 Declaration by United Nations, demonstrating its influence on shaping the global order.
January 1943: Casablanca Conference
In January 1943, Churchill attended the pivotal Casablanca Conference alongside Roosevelt and de Gaulle. Stalin was unable to attend. This conference led to the "Casablanca Declaration," committing the Allies to an "unconditional surrender" from the Axis powers.
January 1943: Churchill's Absence Due to Travel and Illness
Since January 1943, when Churchill left for the Casablanca Conference, he had spent a significant amount of time either abroad or seriously ill, highlighting the demanding nature of his wartime role.
September 1943: British Recognition and Response to the Famine
It wasn't until September 1943 that the British government fully acknowledged the catastrophic scale of the Bengal famine. In response, Churchill authorized the immediate transport of 130,000 tons of grain to Bengal, with the war cabinet subsequently agreeing to send an additional 200,000 tons by year's end. This marked a significant increase in grain imports compared to earlier periods in the year.
1943: The Bengal Famine
The Bengal famine of 1943, which resulted in an estimated 2.1–3.8 million deaths, was a tragic consequence of a complex interplay of factors, including the loss of rice imports due to the Japanese occupation of Burma, wartime inflation, administrative shortcomings, and a series of natural disasters, such as flooding and crop failures. The famine's severity and the British government's response to the crisis continue to be subjects of historical debate.
January 1944: Churchill's Illness and Return
In January 1944, Churchill fell seriously ill with atrial fibrillation while in Tunis. After recovering, he returned to London and surprised Members of Parliament by attending Prime Minister's Questions.
February 1944: Churchill's Response to Wavell's Pleas
As the demands of Operation Overlord intensified in February 1944, placing a greater strain on Allied shipping capacity, Churchill, in a cable to Lord Wavell, acknowledged the dire situation in India but maintained, "I will certainly help you all I can, but you must not ask the impossible." This response highlighted the competing priorities faced by the British government, with the liberation of Europe taking precedence over alleviating the famine in India.
March 1944: Churchill's Radio Broadcast on Reform
In March 1944, Churchill delivered a radio broadcast addressing post-war reform, but his lack of enthusiasm was evident, leading to criticism.
May 1944: Allied Advance in Italy and Capture of Rome
By May 1944, the Allies managed to overcome the obstacle of Monte Cassino, eventually leading to the capture of Rome on June 4th.
June 1944: Churchill's Involvement in Normandy Invasion and the First V-1 Flying Bombs
In June 1944, Churchill was deeply involved in the Normandy invasion, even hoping to be present on D-Day. His wish to land on June 6th or 7th caused some concern, eventually leading to the King intervening. While Churchill expected a high Allied death toll, the actual number was significantly lower. During his June 12th visit to Normandy, the first V-1 flying bombs were launched. Later in the month, he visited Cherbourg and Arromanches to see the Mulberry Harbour.
September 1944: Second Quebec Conference and the Morgenthau Plan
During the Second Quebec Conference in September 1944, Churchill and Roosevelt discussed the Morgenthau Plan, a strategy for post-war Germany that aimed for demilitarization and de-industrialization. While initially agreed upon, the plan faced significant opposition from figures like Eden and Hull, eventually leading to its dismissal.
October 1944: Fourth Moscow Conference and the "Percentages Agreement"
The Fourth Moscow Conference in October 1944 saw Churchill and Stalin discussing the post-war fate of the Balkans. Their "Percentages Agreement" outlined spheres of influence in the region, with Russia having significant control over Romania and Bulgaria, while the UK and US focused on Greece. Although controversial, this agreement reflected the geopolitical realities of the time. However, by 1958, the Soviet Union denied the existence of such an agreement.
1944: Churchill's Dedication to Operation Overlord
Throughout 1944, Churchill devoted significant time and energy to the planning of Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Normandy, working closely with SHAEF and British Chiefs of Staff.
1944: Continuing Grain Shipment Refusals and Wavell's Complaints
Throughout 1944, the British government continued to deny requests for increased grain shipments to India, further exacerbating the effects of the famine. Lord Wavell, frustrated by the lack of support, voiced his concerns to Churchill in October, stating that "the vital problems of India are being treated by His Majesty's Government with neglect, even sometimes with hostility and contempt." The British government's role in the Bengal famine, particularly its policies concerning resource allocation during this period, remains a topic of historical contention.
February 1945: Yalta Conference and the Future of Post-War Europe
In February 1945, the Yalta Conference brought together Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin. Key topics included the establishment of the United Nations and the future of Poland. The agreement regarding Poland faced criticism, with some viewing it as a concession to the Soviet Union. However, considering Roosevelt's poor health and limited support, Churchill's actions at Yalta can be seen as navigating a challenging geopolitical landscape.
February 1945: Bombing of Dresden
Over several nights in February 1945, British and US bombers targeted Dresden, a German city filled with refugees. This bombing, part of a larger campaign initiated by Churchill to hasten the war's end, resulted in significant civilian casualties. Although an independent commission later confirmed the death toll to be between 22,700 and 25,000, initial reports suggested much higher numbers, leading Churchill to express regret over the scale of destruction.
May 1945: Operation Unthinkable: A Plan Against the USSR
In May 1945, amidst growing tensions with the Soviet Union, Churchill commissioned the British Chiefs of Staff to develop a plan for a potential military campaign against the USSR, code-named Operation Unthinkable. This plan, though never implemented, highlighted the shifting geopolitical landscape and the emergence of the Cold War.
May 1945: Churchill's Resignation and the Formation of a Caretaker Government
In May 1945, with a general election approaching, Churchill resigned as Prime Minister due to the Labour Party's unwillingness to continue the wartime coalition. He then formed a new, temporary government composed of Conservatives and National Liberals. Despite continuing to fulfill Prime Ministerial duties, Churchill's formal reappointment didn't occur until later that month.
May 1945: Victory in Europe Day (VE Day)
May 1945 marked Victory in Europe Day, a momentous occasion signifying the end of World War II in Europe. Churchill announced Germany's surrender and the ceasefire, addressing the nation and joining the Royal Family on Buckingham Palace's balcony to greet celebrating crowds. He acknowledged the collective effort in achieving victory, emphasizing the significance of this historical day.
June 1945: Founding of the United Nations
The United Nations, founded in June 1945, drew inspiration from the principles outlined in the Atlantic Charter, a testament to the charter's lasting impact on international cooperation.
July 1945: Hypothetical Start Date for Operation Unthinkable
July 1945 was the hypothetical start date for Operation Unthinkable, a plan developed by the British military at Churchill's request. This plan, aimed at countering Soviet influence in Europe, involved a surprise attack on Soviet forces in Germany. While never executed, it demonstrated the growing mistrust between the former allies and the potential for further conflict.
1945: End of World War II and First Term as Prime Minister
Churchill's first term as Prime Minister ended in 1945, coinciding with the end of World War II.
1945: Tehran Conference
The Tehran Conference in 1945 marked the first meeting of "The Big Three": Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin. It was at this meeting where the decision to divide Germany post-war was agreed upon, though specifics were not finalized.
1945: Impact of Reform on 1945 Election
The demand for social reform played a pivotal role in the 1945 general election, with the Labour Party, seen as more committed to implementing such reforms, ultimately winning.
March 1946: Churchill's "Iron Curtain" Speech
In March 1946, during a visit to the United States, Churchill delivered his famous "Iron Curtain" speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri. In this speech, he criticized the Soviet Union's growing influence in Eastern Europe, describing it as an "Iron Curtain" descending across the continent. This speech marked a turning point in post-war relations and is often seen as the beginning of the Cold War.
August 1946: Implementation of Operation Keelhaul
Beginning in August 1946, Operation Keelhaul, a consequence of the Yalta agreement, came into effect. This operation involved the forcible repatriation of Soviet citizens, including prisoners of war and refugees, from Allied zones back to the Soviet Union. Many of these individuals were anti-communist and feared persecution upon return, making this operation morally controversial.
1946: Churchill Delivers the "Iron Curtain" Speech
Churchill delivered his landmark "Iron Curtain" speech in Fulton, Missouri, in 1946. This speech, delivered after the end of World War II, famously articulated the emerging realities of the Cold War, highlighting the division between the Soviet Union and its allies and the Western world.
May 1947: Conclusion of Operation Keelhaul
Operation Keelhaul, the controversial forced repatriation of Soviet citizens from Allied zones, concluded in May 1947. This operation, a result of agreements made at Yalta, highlighted the complexities of the post-war world and raised ethical concerns about the treatment of refugees and prisoners of war.
1947: Churchill's Post-Colonial Views and Actions
Following India's independence in 1947, Churchill, despite his imperial past, adopted a more pragmatic approach to the empire. Although still employing imperial rhetoric, he became a moderating voice against harsh measures used to quell colonial uprisings in Malaya and Kenya, arguing that such actions contradicted British principles and global opinion.
1948: The Beginning of the Malayan Emergency
The Malayan Emergency, a guerrilla conflict pitting Communist insurgents against Commonwealth forces, erupted in 1948. This event marked the start of a protracted struggle that extended beyond Churchill's time in office.
1949: Support for the Council of Europe
In 1949, Churchill lent his support to the formation of the Council of Europe, an organization dedicated to promoting human rights, democracy, and the rule of law in Europe. This support aligned with his broader vision of a united and peaceful Europe.
1950: Labour's Victory in the General Election
The Labour party emerged victorious in the 1950 general election, although their majority was significantly reduced. This election marked a shift in the political landscape, impacting Churchill's political career.
October 1951: Churchill's Return as Prime Minister
In October 1951, the Conservative Party, led by Churchill, secured a majority in the general election, despite losing the popular vote. This victory marked Churchill's return to the position of Prime Minister.
December 1951: Concerns Regarding Churchill's Health and Potential Succession
By December 1951, King George VI had grown concerned about the deterioration of Churchill's health. The King considered requesting Churchill to step down from his role as Prime Minister, with Anthony Eden as a potential successor. However, due to the King's own health complications, which ultimately led to his death on February 6, 1952, the request was never made.
1951: Second Term as Prime Minister
Churchill returned to power and began his second term as Prime Minister in 1951.
1951: Support for the European Coal and Steel Community
Churchill supported the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951, a precursor to the European Economic Community and the European Union. However, he maintained that Britain should not join any federal European entity, reflecting a cautious approach to integration.
January 1952: Churchill's First Transatlantic Visit as Prime Minister
Churchill, a firm believer in the importance of strong British-American relations for maintaining peace, embarked on the first of four official trips across the Atlantic in January 1952. These visits underscore his commitment to fostering international collaboration.
February 1952: Death of King George VI
King George VI passed away on February 6, 1952. This event marked a significant transition for Britain, with his daughter, Elizabeth II, ascending to the throne.
1952: Churchill Recognizes Nasser's Government and the Outbreak of the Mau Mau Uprising
Churchill's government was compelled to acknowledge Colonel Nasser's revolutionary regime in Egypt, which assumed power in 1952. The same year witnessed the eruption of the Mau Mau Uprising in British Kenya, a development that posed additional challenges to Churchill's administration.
March 1953: Stalin's Death and Churchill's Call for a Summit
Following the death of Joseph Stalin on March 5, 1953, Churchill proposed a summit with the Soviet leadership. However, his proposal was declined by U.S. President Eisenhower, who harbored concerns that the Soviets might exploit such a meeting for propaganda purposes.
April 1953: Churchill Knighted by Queen Elizabeth II
On April 24, 1953, Winston Churchill was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II, becoming Sir Winston Churchill. This honor was bestowed upon him in recognition of his distinguished service to the nation.
June 1953: Churchill Suffers a Serious Stroke
On the evening of June 23, 1953, Churchill experienced a major stroke that resulted in partial paralysis on one side of his body. The incident was kept confidential, and he retreated to his Chartwell residence to recuperate. He had made a complete recovery by November.
June 1953: Queen Elizabeth II's Coronation
The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II took place in June 1953, marking the formal beginning of her reign. Although it was anticipated that Churchill might retire after this event, he continued to serve as Prime Minister.
December 1953: Three-Powers Bermuda Conference
Churchill hosted the Three-Powers Bermuda Conference in December 1953. This meeting brought together Churchill, U.S. President Eisenhower, and French Prime Minister Joseph Laniel to discuss key international issues.
1953: Nobel Prize in Literature
Churchill was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953.
1953: Churchill Awarded Nobel Prize in Literature
In recognition of his exceptional literary achievements, encompassing a diverse range of works including biographies, memoirs, histories, and his compelling oratorical skills, Churchill was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953. His six-volume memoir, "The Second World War," and the four-volume "A History of the English-Speaking Peoples," stand as particularly celebrated examples of his literary prowess.
July 1954: Churchill and Eisenhower Meet at the White House
Churchill and U.S. President Eisenhower held another meeting in June/July 1954, this time at the White House. Their ongoing dialogue highlights the importance of the British-American relationship in navigating the challenges of the Cold War era.
July 1954: Churchill's Final Transatlantic Visit as Prime Minister
Churchill concluded his series of four official transatlantic visits in July 1954. These trips, spanning from 1952 to 1954, reflect his dedication to nurturing the crucial alliance between Britain and America.
October 1954: Harold Macmillan's Promotion to Minister of Defence
In October 1954, Harold Macmillan, who was serving as the Minister of Housing and Local Government, was promoted to the position of Minister of Defence. This promotion highlighted his growing political stature and Churchill's confidence in his abilities.
October 1954: Agreement on the Phased Evacuation of British Troops from Suez Base
In October 1954, an agreement was reached for the gradual withdrawal of British troops from their base in Suez. This decision, met with private disappointment from Churchill, marked a significant shift in British foreign policy and influence in the region.
November 1954: Churchill's 80th Birthday Portrait
On November 30, 1954, Churchill received a full-length portrait of himself painted by Graham Sutherland as a gift from Parliament on his 80th birthday. However, both Churchill and his wife, Clementine, reportedly disliked the painting, and Clementine later had it destroyed.
April 1955: Churchill's Resignation as Prime Minister
After serving as Prime Minister for a second time, Churchill resigned from his position in April 1955. His resignation paved the way for Anthony Eden to succeed him as Prime Minister.
April 1955: Churchill's Retirement and Eden's Succession
In April 1955, Churchill formally retired from his position as Prime Minister. Anthony Eden, who had been a long-time colleague and confidant, succeeded him.
July 1955: Four-Power Summit
A four-power summit, initially proposed by the Soviets, finally took place on July 18, 1955. This meeting occurred after Churchill had retired from his position as Prime Minister.
1955: Resignation as Prime Minister
Churchill resigned from his position as Prime Minister in 1955.
1956: Agreement to Terminate British Rule in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Britain agreed in 1956 to end its rule in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. This decision was made in exchange for Nasser relinquishing Egyptian claims over the region, marking another significant step in the transformation of British colonial influence.
1956: Winston Churchill Range Renamed in Churchill's Honor
The Winston Churchill Range, a majestic mountain range situated northwest of Lake Louise in Alberta, Canada, was renamed in Churchill's honor in 1956. This gesture stands as a testament to his global legacy and the respect he garnered internationally.
1957: Malayan Independence
Malaya gained independence in 1957, marking a significant moment in its history and a shift in its relationship with Britain. Despite this milestone, the Malayan Emergency, which began in 1948, continued to pose challenges.
1958: Soviet Denial of the "Percentages Agreement"
In 1958, the Soviet Union publicly refuted the existence of the "Percentages Agreement", a controversial agreement allegedly made between Churchill and Stalin in 1944 regarding the division of influence in the Balkans. The Soviets labeled Churchill's account of the agreement, published in his memoir "The Second World War", as an "imperialist proposal." This denial further complicated the historical understanding of post-war negotiations and highlighted the tensions of the Cold War.
1959: Conservative Landslide and Churchill's Reduced Majority
The Conservative Party, under Harold Macmillan's leadership, achieved a landslide victory in the 1959 general election. However, Churchill, while still an MP, saw his own majority in Woodford decrease by over a thousand votes, reflecting his diminishing active involvement in politics.
1960: The End of the Malayan Emergency and Mau Mau Uprising
The protracted Malayan Emergency, which had begun in 1948, finally came to an end in 1960. This year also witnessed the conclusion of the Mau Mau Uprising in British Kenya. These events marked the end of two significant conflicts that had challenged Churchill's government and its successors.
June 1962: Churchill's Accident and Declining Health
At the age of 87, in June 1962, Churchill suffered a fall in Monte Carlo, leading to a broken hip. After being flown back to London for treatment and a three-week hospital stay, he experienced a noticeable decline in his health.
1963: Churchill Proclaimed Honorary Citizen of the United States
U.S. President John F. Kennedy, in 1963, bestowed upon Churchill honorary citizenship of the United States. This honor, authorized by an Act of Congress, recognized Churchill's extraordinary contributions during World War II and his dedication to transatlantic relations. Due to health reasons, Churchill could not attend the White House ceremony.
1964: Retirement from Parliament
Churchill retired from Parliament in 1964.
January 1965: Churchill's Death and State Funeral
On January 10, 1965, Churchill suffered his final stroke. He passed away twelve days later, on January 24, at the age of 90. His death was marked by a state funeral, a testament to his monumental role in British and world history. His funeral, held on January 30, was a grand event, taking place at St Paul's Cathedral and drawing dignitaries and mourners from around the globe. Following the ceremony, his coffin journeyed along the River Thames to Waterloo Station and was finally laid to rest in the family plot at St Martin's Church, Bladon.
January 1965: Death of Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill passed away in January 1965.
1965: State Funeral
Churchill was given a state funeral upon his death in 1965.
1965: Purchase of Chartwell and Churchill's Death
In 1922, the Churchills acquired Chartwell, which became their cherished home until Winston's death in 1965.
1972: Young Winston Film Release
The film "Young Winston," directed by Richard Attenborough and starring Simon Ward as Churchill, was released in 1972, marking an early portrayal of his life on screen.
1973: Unveiling of Churchill's Statue in Parliament Square
A lasting tribute to Churchill, a statue in his likeness, was unveiled in Parliament Square in 1973 by his widow, Clementine. This statue, one of only twelve in the square, stands as a testament to his enduring legacy.
1981: Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years
In 1981, "Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years," a television miniseries starring Robert Hardy as Churchill, was released, further exploring his life and career.
1999: USS Winston S. Churchill Destroyer Commissioned
In 1999, the United States Navy commissioned a new Arleigh Burke-class destroyer, christening it the USS Winston S. Churchill. This gesture served as a powerful symbol of the enduring respect and admiration held for Churchill in the United States, honoring his role in fostering the close bond between the two nations.
2002: The Gathering Storm
Albert Finney starred as Churchill in the 2002 film "The Gathering Storm," which depicted Churchill's life leading up to World War II.
2002: Churchill Voted Greatest Briton of All Time
In 2002, a BBC poll, drawing an impressive 447,423 votes, declared Churchill as the greatest Briton of all time. He secured this title by a significant margin, with his closest competitor, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, trailing by approximately 56,000 votes. This recognition underscores his lasting impact on British history and identity.
2009: Into the Storm
The 2009 film "Into the Storm," starring Brendan Gleeson as Churchill, focused on his leadership during World War II.
2010: Confirmation of Dresden Bombing Death Toll
In 2010, an independent commission confirmed the death toll from the Allied bombing of Dresden in February 1945 to be between 22,700 and 25,000. This bombing, initiated under Churchill's leadership, had been a subject of debate and controversy for decades. The commission's findings aimed to provide a more accurate understanding of the event's human cost.
2016: John Lithgow as Churchill in The Crown
John Lithgow portrayed Winston Churchill in the Netflix series "The Crown" from 2016 to 2019, offering another interpretation of Churchill in his later years.
2017: Darkest Hour
Gary Oldman won acclaim for his portrayal of Churchill in the 2017 film "Darkest Hour," which centered on his early days as Prime Minister during the war.
