Xi Jinping is the paramount leader of China, holding key positions such as the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, chairman of the Central Military Commission, and president of the People's Republic of China. He assumed these roles in 2012 and 2013, respectively. As part of the fifth generation of Chinese leadership, Xi is the first CCP general secretary born after the PRC's establishment.
1929: Gutian Conference
The 1929 Gutian Conference was a pivotal event in the history of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Liberation Army (PLA). It was at this conference that Mao Zedong solidified his leadership within the CCP and established the principle of "the party commands the gun," asserting the Party's absolute control over the military.
1949: Founding of the PRC
The People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded in 1949. This historical event set the stage for the future leadership of Xi Jinping.
1952: Birth of Xi Jinping's Sister An'an
In 1952, Xi Jinping's sister, An'an, was born. This event added another member to the Xi family.
June 1953: Birth of Xi Jinping
Xi Jinping was born on 15 June 1953 in Beijing. He is the third child of Xi Zhongxun and his second wife Qi Xin. This date marks the birth of a future paramount leader of China.
June 1953: Birth of Xi Jinping
Xi Jinping was born on 15 June 1953 in Beijing. He is the third child of Xi Zhongxun and his second wife Qi Xin. This date marks the birth of a future paramount leader of China.
1954: Establishment of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission
The National Ethnic Affairs Commission, a body responsible for overseeing ethnic affairs in China, was established in 1954.
1963: Xi's Father Purged from CCP
In 1963, Xi Jinping's father was purged from the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and sent to work in a factory in Luoyang, Henan. This event had a profound impact on Xi's early life.
May 1966: Cultural Revolution Impacts Xi's Education
In May 1966, the Cultural Revolution began, significantly impacting Xi Jinping's education. His secondary education was cut short as students were encouraged to criticize and fight their teachers.
1968: Imprisonment of Xi's Father
In 1968, Xi Jinping's father was imprisoned, leaving the family without his protection. This event was a significant challenge for Xi during his youth.
1969: Sent to Work in Liangjiahe Village
In 1969, Xi Jinping was sent to work in Liangjiahe Village as part of Mao Zedong's Down to the Countryside Movement. He worked as the party secretary of the village and lived in a cave house, experiencing the hardships of rural life.
1971: Joins Communist Youth League
In 1971, Xi Jinping joined the Communist Youth League of China on his eighth attempt. This marked the beginning of his formal political career.
1972: Reunites with Father
In 1972, Xi Jinping reunited with his father due to a family reunion ordered by premier Zhou Enlai. This reunion was significant for Xi and his family.
1973: Attempts to Join CCP
From 1973, Xi Jinping applied to join the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) ten times and was finally accepted on his tenth attempt in 1974. This persistence marked a crucial step in his political journey.
1974: Accepted into CCP
In 1974, Xi Jinping was accepted into the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) after ten attempts. This acceptance was a significant milestone in his political career.
1975: Studies at Tsinghua University
From 1975 to 1979, Xi Jinping studied chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a worker-peasant-soldier student. His education included studying Marxism–Leninism and participating in farm work and military training.
1979: Beginning of Xi Jinping's Collaboration with Geng Biao
In 1979, Xi Jinping began working as a secretary for Geng Biao, a vice premier and the secretary-general of the CMC, who was a former subordinate of Xi's father.
1979: Graduates from Tsinghua University
In 1979, Xi Jinping graduated from Tsinghua University with a degree in chemical engineering. This academic achievement was a notable milestone in his early career.
1982: Religious Freedom Guaranteed in Chinese Constitution
Religious freedom was officially recognized and incorporated into the Chinese constitution in 1982.
1982: Xi Jinping's Appointment as Deputy Party Secretary in Zhengding County
Xi Jinping was assigned to Zhengding County in Hebei province in 1982, taking on the role of deputy party secretary.
1983: Xi Jinping's Promotion to Secretary of Zhengding County
Xi Jinping's responsibilities in Zhengding County increased in 1983 when he was promoted to secretary, making him the top official in the county.
1985: Xi Jinping's Reunion with Host Family in Iowa
During his visit to Iowa in February 2012, Xi Jinping had the opportunity to reconnect with a family that had hosted him during his 1985 tour as a Hebei provincial official.
1985: Start of Xi Jinping's Tenure in Fujian Province
Xi Jinping's career led him to Fujian province in 1985, marking the beginning of his service in the region.
1987: Marriage to Peng Liyuan
Xi Jinping married renowned Chinese folk singer Peng Liyuan in 1987. They were introduced through mutual friends.
1990: Xi Jinping's Role in the Fuzhou Municipal Party Committee and Party School
In 1990, Xi Jinping held positions within the Fuzhou Municipal Party Committee and eventually became the president of the Party School in Fuzhou.
1992: Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour
In 1992, Deng Xiaoping embarked on his famous Southern Tour, a pivotal event that reignited China's economic reforms and set the stage for the country's remarkable economic growth in the following decades.
1992: Interview with The Washington Post
In 1992, Xi Jinping, then CCP secretary of Fuzhou, gave an interview to The Washington Post journalist Lena H. Sun. Sun found Xi to be more at ease than other officials his age.
1997: Xi Jinping Named Alternate Member of the 15th Central Committee
Xi Jinping was designated as an alternate member of the 15th Central Committee of the CCP in 1997.
1998: Xi Jinping's Pursuit of Academic Studies at Tsinghua University
Xi Jinping began studying Marxist theory and ideological education at Tsinghua University in 1998.
1999: Governor of Fujian
Xi Jinping served as the governor of Fujian from 1999 to 2002. This role was crucial in his political ascent.
1999: Xi Jinping's Appointment as Vice Governor of Fujian
Xi Jinping's political ascent continued in 1999 when he was promoted to the position of vice governor of Fujian.
February 2000: Xi Jinping and Chen Mingyi Summoned by Top PSC Members
In February 2000, Xi Jinping, along with then-provincial party secretary Chen Mingyi, were called to meet with high-ranking members of the PSC, including general secretary Jiang Zemin, premier Zhu Rongji, vice president Hu Jintao, and Discipline Inspection secretary Wei Jianxing. The purpose was to address aspects of the Yuanhua scandal.
2000: Xi Reflects on Political Hardships
In a 2000 interview, Xi Jinping reflected on his political hardships, emphasizing his understanding of the deeper aspects of politics beyond power and glory. He mentioned the 'bullpens,' referring to Red Guards' detention houses during the Cultural Revolution.
2002: Xi Jinping's Move to Zhejiang Province and Elevation in the CCP
Xi Jinping's political career took him to Zhejiang province in 2002, where he assumed key leadership roles, eventually becoming the provincial Party Committee secretary. This marked his first time holding a top provincial office. Also in 2002, he was elected as a full member of the 16th Central Committee, signifying his rise to the national political stage.
2002: Dissolution of the Central Financial Work Commission
In 2002, the Central Financial Work Commission (CFWC) was dissolved as part of a restructuring of China's financial regulatory framework.
2002: Xi Jinping's Rise to Provincial Leadership in Zhejiang
In 2002, Xi Jinping's career progressed as he assumed leading political positions in Zhejiang province, ultimately becoming the provincial Party Committee secretary. This marked his first time holding a top provincial office.
2002: Xi Jinping Earns Doctorate in Law and Ideology
In 2002, Xi Jinping completed his studies at Tsinghua University and obtained a doctorate in law and ideology.
2002: Governor and Party Secretary of Zhejiang
In 2002, Xi Jinping became the governor and party secretary of Zhejiang. This position further established his political influence in China's coastal provinces.
2004: Li Qiang Becomes Xi Jinping's Chief of Staff
Li Qiang began serving as Xi Jinping's chief of staff in 2004, taking on the role of secretary-general of the Zhejiang Party Committee, during which time they formed a strong working relationship.
September 2006: Dismissal of Shanghai Party Secretary Chen Liangyu
In September 2006, Shanghai Party secretary Chen Liangyu was removed from his position due to a social security fund scandal.
March 2007: Xi Jinping Assumes Role of Shanghai Party Secretary
Following the removal of Shanghai's previous party secretary, Xi Jinping took on the role in March 2007.
October 2007: Joins Politburo Standing Committee
In October 2007, Xi Jinping joined the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). This was a significant step in his political career.
October 2007: Xi Jinping Appointed to the PSC and as First Secretary of the CCP Central Secretariat
Xi Jinping was appointed to the nine-member PSC at the 17th Party Congress in October 2007, where his ranking suggested he was being positioned to succeed Hu Jintao as China's next leader. In addition, he assumed the role of first secretary of the CCP's Central Secretariat.
2007: Xi Jinping's Transfer to Shanghai as Party Secretary
Following the removal of Shanghai's Party secretary in September 2006, Xi Jinping was appointed as the new party secretary in March 2007, holding the position for seven months.
2007: End of Li Qiang's Tenure as Xi Jinping's Chief of Staff
Li Qiang concluded his term as Xi Jinping's chief of staff in 2007.
March 2008: Xi Jinping Elected as Vice President of the PRC
In March 2008, at the 11th National People's Congress, Xi Jinping was elected as the vice president of the People's Republic of China.
June 2008: Xi Jinping's First Foreign Trip as Vice President
From June 17th to 25th, 2008, Xi Jinping undertook his inaugural foreign trip as vice president, visiting North Korea, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Yemen.
February 2009: Xi Jinping's Remarks on China's Contributions and Foreign Criticism During Latin America Tour
While on a tour of Latin America in February 2009, Xi Jinping delivered a speech to a group of overseas Chinese in Mexico on February 11th. In his remarks, he highlighted China's role during the international financial crisis, stating that preventing its 1.3 billion people from hunger was "the greatest contribution towards the whole of human race, made by China." He further remarked that some "bored foreigners, with full stomachs" criticize China, asserting that "First, China doesn't export revolution; second, China doesn't export hunger and poverty; third, China doesn't come and cause you headaches. What more is there to be said?" These comments sparked significant discussion on Chinese internet forums and reportedly caught the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs off guard.
December 2009: Xi Jinping's Asian Tour
From December 14th to 22nd, 2009, Xi Jinping embarked on an Asian trip, visiting Japan, South Korea, Cambodia, and Myanmar.
2009: Xi Jinping Leads Committee for 60th Anniversary Celebrations and 6521 Project
Xi Jinping was tasked with heading the committee responsible for planning the 60th Anniversary Celebrations of the founding of the People's Republic of China. Additionally, he reportedly oversaw a high-level CCP committee known as the 6521 Project, which focused on maintaining social stability during a period marked by politically sensitive anniversaries in 2009.
2010: Xi Jinping Visits Chongqing and Praises Bo Xilai's Policies
During 2010, Xi Jinping visited Chongqing and expressed admiration for the policies implemented by Bo Xilai, the party secretary of Chongqing at the time. However, after Xi Jinping assumed the position of paramount leader, records of his praise for Bo Xilai's policies were removed.
2011: Described as Pragmatic and Hardworking
A 2011 article in The Washington Post described Xi Jinping as pragmatic, hardworking, and uninterested in the outward signs of high office.
2011: Xi Jinping Unveils Vision to Transform China into Soccer Superpower
In 2011, Xi Jinping outlined his ambitious plan to elevate China from a footballing underdog to a global soccer powerhouse. He laid out a three-stage plan for the national team, aiming to qualify for another World Cup, host a World Cup, and ultimately win a World Cup.
February 2012: Xi Jinping's Visit to the United States, Ireland, and Turkey
In February 2012, Xi Jinping undertook a visit to the United States, Ireland, and Turkey. This included meetings with then-U.S. President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden at the White House, as well as stops in California and Iowa.
September 2012: Xi Jinping's Brief Disappearance and Reappearance
In September 2012, Xi Jinping sparked rumors when he disappeared from public view for several weeks, cancelling meetings and dropping out of official media coverage. He reappeared in mid-September without explanation.
November 2012: Xi Jinping Elected as Paramount Leader of China
In November 2012, Xi Jinping was elected General Secretary of the CCP and Chairman of the CMC, making him the paramount leader of China. His first speech was notable for its plain language and focus on everyday concerns, emphasizing aspirations for better living standards and a commitment to tackling corruption.
November 2012: Xi Jinping Introduces "Chinese Dream" as Vision for China's Future
During a visit to the National Museum of China in November 2012, Xi Jinping introduced the "Chinese Dream" as his overarching vision for the country. This broadly defined concept, centered around national rejuvenation, became a defining slogan of his leadership. The phrase's simplicity and appeal to national sentiment resonated with the public, solidifying its place in Xi Jinping's political ideology.
November 2012: Relatives Sell Investments Amidst Anti-Corruption Campaign
As Xi Jinping launched an anti-corruption campaign, The New York Times reported in November 2012 that his family members began divesting from corporate and real estate holdings.
December 2012: Xi Jinping's Visit to Guangdong: Signaling Economic Reform and Military Strength
In December 2012, Xi Jinping made his first trip outside Beijing as Party leader, visiting Guangdong. The visit echoed Deng Xiaoping's 1992 southern tour, signaling a commitment to economic reform. Xi also stressed the "Chinese Dream" of national rejuvenation, including a strong military. Notably, he broke from traditional leadership norms by opting for simpler travel arrangements.
2012: Increased Share of Private Sector Firms
From 2012 to 2022, the market value share of private sector firms in China's top listed companies grew significantly, rising from 10% to over 40%.
2012: Xi Jinping Showcases Soccer Skills in Ireland
During his visit to Ireland in 2012 as China's vice-president, Xi Jinping displayed his soccer skills at Croke Park.
2012: Start of Xi's Tenure: Economic Growth Begins
At the start of Xi Jinping's tenure in 2012, China's economy stood at $8.5 trillion, marking the beginning of a period of significant economic expansion.
2012: Xi Jinping's Unspecified Speech
Xi Jinping delivered a speech in 2012, the context and content of which is not provided.
2012: Xi Jinping Assumes Power and Initiates Overhaul of the People's Liberation Army
Since assuming power in 2012, Xi Jinping has undertaken a comprehensive overhaul of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), encompassing both political reforms and modernization efforts. This initiative highlights Xi's focus on strengthening the military's capabilities and ensuring its loyalty to the CCP.
2012: Human Rights Watch Criticizes Xi Jinping's Human Rights Record
Since Xi Jinping came into power in 2012, the Human Rights Watch has criticized his human rights record, stating that repression in China is at its worst since the Tiananmen Square massacre.
2012: Becomes General Secretary of CCP
In 2012, Xi Jinping became the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC). This marked the beginning of his tenure as the paramount leader of China.
2012: High Poverty Rate at Start of Xi's Tenure
When Xi Jinping took office in 2012, over half of China's population (51%) was living on less than $6.9 per day.
March 2013: Xi Jinping Elected as President of China
Xi Jinping was elected as President of China in March 2013, succeeding Hu Jintao. In his early days as president, he expressed support for non-interference in Sri Lanka's internal affairs and confirmed his support for Hong Kong's Chief Executive CY Leung. He also engaged in a phone call with U.S. President Barack Obama, discussing cybersecurity and North Korea.
November 2013: Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee and Consolidation of Power
In November 2013, the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee concluded with the Communist Party announcing a significant reform agenda. This agenda hinted at changes to both economic and social policies. Xi Jinping used this event to signal his intent to consolidate his control over the internal security organization, previously managed by Zhou Yongkang. A new National Security Commission was established, with Xi at its helm, which analysts believe helped him strengthen his grasp on national security matters.
2013: Creation of Central Leading Groups
Under Xi Jinping's leadership, the CCP initiated the formation of several Central Leading Groups in 2013. These supra-ministerial steering committees were designed to expedite decision-making, particularly in critical areas like cybersecurity and economic policy.
2013: Becomes President of China
Xi Jinping assumed the presidency of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 2013. This solidified his position as the paramount leader of China.
2013: New Law Authorizes Prison Terms for Bloggers Sharing "Defamatory" Content
In 2013, a new law in China authorized prison sentences of up to three years for bloggers who share content deemed "defamatory" over 500 times. This law, along with other measures, led many bloggers to self-censor and avoid controversial topics, contributing to a decline in Weibo's popularity.
2013: Reporters Without Borders Includes Xi Jinping on List of Press Freedom Predators
Since 2013, Reporters Without Borders, an international non-profit organization dedicated to protecting freedom of information, has consistently included Xi Jinping on its list of press freedom predators.
2013: Xi Jinping Emphasizes Traditional Chinese Values and Criticizes the West
In 2013, Xi Jinping publicly embraced traditional Chinese philosophies, particularly Confucianism, incorporating them into CCP ideology. He drew parallels between Confucian values and good governance, contrasting them with what he perceived as a decline in Western societies. This emphasis on traditional thought reflected his efforts to promote a distinct Chinese identity rooted in its cultural heritage.
2013: Launch of the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone
As part of his economic reforms, Xi Jinping launched the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone in 2013.
2013: Terrorist Attacks in Xinjiang Prompt Response
A series of terrorist attacks in Xinjiang during 2013 and 2014 led to a secret meeting among CCP leaders to devise a response to the growing unrest in the region.
February 2014: Establishment of Central Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization
In February 2014, the Central Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization was established, with Xi Jinping taking the helm. This move highlighted the growing importance of cyberspace and information security in China's strategic thinking.
March 2014: Peng Liyuan Hosts Michelle Obama
Peng Liyuan, Xi Jinping's wife, hosted U.S. First Lady Michelle Obama during her visit to China in March 2014, showcasing her more prominent role as China's "first lady."
August 2014: Decision on Universal Suffrage in Hong Kong with Restrictions
In August 2014, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) made a decision allowing universal suffrage for the 2017 election of the chief executive of Hong Kong, but with restrictions ensuring Chinese leadership influence.
September 2014: Publication of "The Governance of China" Volume One
The first volume of Xi Jinping's book series, "The Governance of China," providing insights into his political thought, was published in September 2014.
October 2014: Speech at the Forum on Literature and Art
In October 2014, Xi Jinping delivered a speech at the Forum on Literature and Art, drawing parallels to Mao Zedong's Yan'an Talks and emphasizing the importance of political criteria in judging art.
2014: Establishment of Central Leading Group for Military Reform and New Gutian Conference
In 2014, Xi Jinping established the Central Leading Group for Military Reform to oversee comprehensive military reforms, demonstrating his commitment to modernizing and strengthening the PLA. Additionally, Xi convened the New Gutian Conference, gathering China's top military officials to re-emphasize the principle of "the party has absolute control over the army," a principle first established by Mao Zedong at the 1929 Gutian Conference.
2014: Announcement of Legal Reforms at the Fourth Plenum
During the Fourth Plenum held in the fall of 2014, the Communist Party, under Xi Jinping's leadership, announced a series of legal reforms. Xi called for "Chinese socialistic rule of law," emphasizing the need to address perceived inefficiencies and corruption within the legal system.
2014: Harvard Kennedy School Poll Shows High Domestic Approval Ratings for Xi Jinping
A 2014 poll conducted in collaboration with the Harvard Kennedy School's Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation revealed that Xi Jinping garnered high domestic approval ratings, ranking 9 out of 10.
2014: China's Assertive Maritime Stance and Naval Expansion Under Xi Jinping
Since 2014, Xi Jinping's administration has adopted a more assertive approach towards maritime affairs, strengthening CCP control over maritime security forces. The PLA Navy has undergone rapid expansion during this period, adding a substantial number of warships, submarines, and support vessels, surpassing the total number of ships in the United Kingdom's navy between 2014 and 2018.
2014: State Council Publishes White Paper on "One Country, Two Systems" Policy in Hong Kong
In 2014, the State Council of China released a white paper titled "The Practice of the 'One Country, Two Systems' Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region." This document outlined the central government's perspective on Hong Kong's status, asserting its "comprehensive jurisdiction" over the territory.
2014: Launch of the Strike Hard Campaign in Xinjiang
In 2014, Xi Jinping launched the "Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism" in Xinjiang, initiating mass detention and surveillance targeting Uyghurs and other minorities.
2014: Xi Jinping Introduces Holistic National Security Concept and Counterespionage Law
In 2014, Xi Jinping introduced the concept of a "holistic national security architecture" encompassing various aspects of governance. He also oversaw the passage of a counterespionage law, reflecting his administration's focus on national security and countering perceived threats.
July 2015: 709 Crackdown Targets Lawyers and Activists
On July 9, 2015, the Chinese government initiated the 709 crackdown, detaining over 200 lawyers, legal assistants, and human rights activists.
2015: China Implements National Security and Counterterrorism Law
In 2015, China enacted a national security and counterterrorism law, further expanding the legal framework for addressing security concerns. This law has drawn criticism for its broad scope and potential implications for civil liberties.
2015: Xi Jinping Announces Reduction of 300,000 Troops from PLA
In 2015, Xi Jinping announced a significant reduction of 300,000 troops from the People's Liberation Army (PLA), bringing its size down to 2 million troops. This move was positioned as a gesture of peace, though analysts have suggested it was also driven by cost-cutting measures and modernization efforts within the PLA.
2015: China Launches 50-Point Plan to Develop Soccer Prowess
In 2015, Xi Jinping gave the green light to China's comprehensive 50-point plan for soccer development. The plan aimed to integrate soccer into the national school curriculum and establish 50,000 soccer schools across the country by 2025.
2015: Meeting with Taiwanese President Ma Ying-jeou
In 2015, Xi Jinping met with Taiwanese president Ma Ying-jeou. This meeting was significant in cross-strait relations, although relations deteriorated later under Ma's successor Tsai Ing-wen.
2015: Chinese Stock Market Bubble
The Chinese stock market bubble burst in 2015, leading Xi Jinping to intervene with state forces in an attempt to stabilize the market.
2015: Xi Mingze Graduates from Harvard University
Xi Mingze, Xi Jinping's daughter, graduated from Harvard University in the spring of 2015. She studied Psychology and English under a pseudonym.
January 2016: Replacement of One-Child Policy with Two-Child Policy
In January 2016, a significant shift in family planning policy took place as the longstanding one-child policy was replaced with a two-child policy.
April 2016: Xi Jinping Appointed Commander-in-Chief of PLA Joint Operations Command Center
In April 2016, Xi Jinping was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the PLA's newly established Joint Operations Command Center. This move was widely seen as a display of his authority and control over the military, with analysts interpreting it as a sign of his assertive leadership style.
April 2016: End of "Xi Dada" Moniker
The informal title "Xi Dada" (Uncle Xi or Papa Xi) used to refer to Xi Jinping was dropped in April 2016.
2016: Xi Jinping Restructures PLA Theater Commands and Abolishes General Departments
In 2016, Xi Jinping implemented further reforms within the PLA, reducing the number of theater commands from seven to five. He also abolished the four autonomous general departments, replacing them with 15 agencies reporting directly to the Central Military Commission (CMC).
2016: China Enacts Cybersecurity Law and Law Restricting Foreign NGOs
In 2016, China implemented a cybersecurity law and a law restricting the activities of foreign non-governmental organizations (NGOs). These laws reflect the government's efforts to tighten control over cyberspace and limit foreign influence within China.
2016: Receives Title of Leadership Core
Xi Jinping officially received the title of leadership core from the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 2016, solidifying his central role in the party's leadership.
September 2017: Xi Jinping Thought Introduced to the CCP Central Committee
Xi Jinping's political philosophies, known as "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era," were presented to the CCP Central Committee in September 2017.
October 2017: Xi Jinping Thought Introduced at the 19th Party Congress
Xi Jinping first mentioned the "Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era" during his opening speech at the 19th Party Congress in October 2017.
November 2017: Publication of "The Governance of China" Volume Two
The second volume of "The Governance of China," further elaborating on Xi Jinping's political philosophies, was released in November 2017.
2017: Development of Xiong'an New Area
Xi Jinping has been actively involved in the development of Xiong'an, a new urban area announced in 2017. This ambitious project is planned to become a major metropolis located near Beijing and is expected to involve relocation efforts until 2035. The goal is to transform Xiong'an into a model "modern socialist city" by 2050.
2017: Establishment of Financial Stability and Development Committee
The Financial Stability and Development Committee, a State Council body, was established in 2017 to enhance oversight and coordination within China's financial system. Chaired by Vice Premier Liu He, this committee played a crucial role in managing financial risks and promoting stability.
2017: China to Block Individuals' Use of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
In 2017, telecommunications carriers in China were instructed to block individuals' use of VPNs by February 2018, further tightening restrictions on internet access.
2017: Christians in Jiangxi Province Pressured to Replace Images of Jesus with Xi Jinping
In 2017, as part of a campaign targeting unofficial churches, the local government in Jiangxi province instructed Christians to replace pictures of Jesus with those of Xi Jinping, a move activists described as an attempt to shift faith towards the party.
2017: The Economist Names Xi Jinping the Most Powerful Person in the World
In 2017, The Economist bestowed upon Xi Jinping the title of the most powerful person in the world, a testament to his growing global influence.
2017: China Establishes First Overseas Naval Base in Djibouti
In 2017, China marked a significant milestone by establishing its first overseas naval base in Djibouti. This strategic move highlights China's growing global military presence and its ambition to project power beyond its borders.
2017: Carrie Lam Elected Chief Executive of Hong Kong
In 2017, Carrie Lam was elected as the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, reportedly with the endorsement of the CCP Politburo.
2017: China Adopts National Intelligence Law
China's National People's Congress passed a national intelligence law in 2017, granting broad powers to intelligence agencies. This move has raised concerns about privacy and due process, as it provides legal cover for a wide range of intelligence-gathering activities.
2017: Stalled Economic Reforms
By 2017, experts observed that the economic reforms promised by Xi Jinping had stalled.
February 2018: Deadline for Blocking VPNs in China
By February 2018, the deadline set by Chinese authorities, individuals' use of VPNs was blocked, limiting access to information and services outside of China's heavily censored internet.
March 2018: Xi Jinping Thought Added to the State Constitution
In March 2018, the National People's Congress amended the state constitution to incorporate Xi Jinping Thought.
2018: China's Assertive Maritime Stance and Naval Expansion Under Xi Jinping
Since 2014, Xi Jinping's administration has adopted a more assertive approach towards maritime affairs, strengthening CCP control over maritime security forces. The PLA Navy has undergone rapid expansion during this period, adding a substantial number of warships, submarines, and support vessels, surpassing the total number of ships in the United Kingdom's navy between 2014 and 2018.
2018: Forbes Ranks Xi Jinping as World's Most Powerful Person, Surpassing Vladimir Putin
Xi Jinping's global stature was further cemented in 2018 when Forbes designated him as the world's most powerful and influential person. This recognition ended Russian President Vladimir Putin's five-year reign at the top of the ranking.
2018: Overhaul of the CCP and State Bodies
Xi Jinping's administration undertook a significant overhaul of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and state bodies in 2018. This restructuring aimed to centralize power and streamline decision-making processes.
2018: Xi Jinping Consolidates Power, Raising Concerns About One-Man Rule
The removal of presidential term limits in 2018 solidified Xi Jinping's status as the most powerful Chinese leader since Mao Zedong. He has centralized power, deviating from the collective leadership model. Xi's consolidation of power has fueled concerns about a return to one-man rule and its implications for China's political future.
2018: Trade War with the US
The eruption of a trade war between China and the United States in 2018 has had significant implications for the global economy and has led to heightened tensions between the two superpowers.
2018: Establishment of Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms
In 2018, the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms, initially an ad hoc policy coordination body led by Xi Jinping, was elevated to the status of a commission.
2018: Xi Jinping's Centralized Governance Style and Emphasis on Loyalty
Media reports in 2018 shed light on Xi Jinping's centralized approach to governance. Unlike his predecessors, Xi is known for his attention to detail, preferring to micromanage even major policy decisions. He implemented a performance-review system to evaluate officials' loyalty alongside their competence, reflecting his emphasis on allegiance within the CCP. This approach marked a departure from the more consensus-driven styles of previous leaders.
2018: Elevation of Central Leading Groups to Commissions and Strengthening of Central Propaganda Department
2018 witnessed significant reforms to the bureaucracy, with several central leading groups, including those responsible for reform, cyberspace affairs, finance and economics, and foreign affairs, being elevated to commissions. This move aimed to centralize decision-making and enhance coordination across different policy areas. Additionally, the Central Propaganda Department's powers were strengthened, granting it oversight over the newly established China Media Group (CMG).
2018: Xi Jinping Places People's Armed Police Under Sole Control of CMC
In 2018, Xi Jinping shifted the command structure of the People's Armed Police (PAP), placing it under the exclusive control of the CMC. Previously, the PAP was jointly commanded by the CMC and the State Council through the Ministry of Public Security.
2018: Xi's Commitment to Economic Reform and Sovereignty
In 2018, Xi Jinping reaffirmed his commitment to economic reforms but asserted that China would not be dictated to by external forces.
2018: Removal of Presidential Term Limits
In 2018, Xi Jinping led the removal of term limits for the presidency, allowing him to potentially remain in power indefinitely. This move was controversial and increased his control over Chinese politics.
2018: Constitutional Amendments Pave the Way for Xi Jinping's Indefinite Rule
In 2018, China's National People's Congress passed constitutional amendments abolishing presidential term limits. This move allowed Xi Jinping to secure a third term as president, solidifying his hold on power. The amendments also enhanced the CCP's central role and established a National Supervisory Commission.
2018: Xi Jinping Tightens Control Over Cyberspace and State Media
At the 2018 China Cyberspace Governance Conference, Xi Jinping pledged a crackdown on cybercrimes and emphasized the need for state media to reflect the Party's will and authority. His tenure has been marked by increased internet censorship and a tightening grip on online speech, surpassing the restrictions imposed by previous administrations.
April 2019: Intensified Internet Censorship Under Xi Jinping
Censorship in China has escalated under Xi Jinping, with stricter controls on internet usage. In April 2019, all versions of Wikipedia were blocked in China. Social media platforms like Weibo have seen a shift from fear of account deletion to fear of arrest for users posting dissenting content.
July 2019: YouGov Poll Reveals Xi Jinping as Most Admired Person in Mainland China
A YouGov poll conducted in July 2019 showed that approximately 22% of respondents in mainland China named Xi Jinping as the person they admire the most, representing a plurality. However, this figure was significantly lower among residents of Hong Kong, standing at less than 5%.
November 2019: Leaked Documents Reveal Xi Jinping's Orders on Xinjiang Crackdown
Leaked Chinese government documents in November 2019 revealed Xi Jinping's direct orders for a harsh security crackdown in Xinjiang, advocating for an uncompromising approach towards those deemed influenced by extremism.
December 2019: Xi Jinping Named "People's Leader"
In December 2019, the Politburo bestowed upon Xi Jinping the title of "People's Leader," a designation previously held only by Mao Zedong, further elevating his status within the CCP.
December 2019: Xi Jinping's Warning on Foreign Interference in Hong Kong and Macau
While visiting Macau in December 2019, Xi Jinping warned against foreign interference in Hong Kong and Macau, suggesting Macau as a potential model for Hong Kong.
2019: Scaling Back Affirmative Action for Ethnic Minorities
By 2019, China had significantly scaled back affirmative action policies aimed at supporting ethnic minorities in the country.
2019: Economic Growth Slows
China's economic growth slowed to 6% in 2019, down from 8% in 2012.
2019: "Xuexi Qiangguo" App Gains Popularity
The "Xuexi Qiangguo" app, designed to teach Xi Jinping Thought, became the most popular smartphone app in China in 2019, reflecting the CCP's efforts to promote Xi's ideology.
2019: Sharp Decline in Uyghur Birth Rate Due to Suppression Campaign
A birth suppression campaign targeting Uyghurs in Xinjiang led to a significant decline in the Uyghur birth rate by 2019, raising concerns about demographic engineering.
January 2020: Zero-COVID Policy Initiation
In January 2020, Xi Jinping presided over the initiation of the zero-COVID policy in mainland China, aiming to control the spread of COVID-19 through strict measures.
January 2020: Xi Jinping's First Public Remarks on COVID-19 and Initial Response
In January 2020, Xi Jinping made his first public comments on the emerging COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, ordering efforts to control the virus's spread. He delegated some responsibility to Premier Li Keqiang, potentially to shield himself from criticism. The government's initial response involved lockdowns and censorship, sparking backlash in China.
September 2020: China Announces Ambitious Climate Goals at UN General Assembly
In a significant announcement at the UN General Assembly in September 2020, Xi Jinping unveiled ambitious climate goals for China. He pledged to enhance the country's 2030 climate target, aiming to peak carbon emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. This commitment, driven in part by the COVID-19 pandemic's highlighting of environmental issues, was hailed as a potential turning point in the fight against climate change.
November 2020: Xi Jinping's Speech
In November 2020, Xi Jinping delivered a speech.
2020: Halt to Ant Group's IPO
The Wall Street Journal reported in 2020 that Xi Jinping had instructed a stop to Ant Group's planned initial public offering (IPO). This move was seen as a response to criticism directed at government regulation of the financial sector by Jack Ma, the founder of Ant Group.
2020: Xi Jinping's Support for Hong Kong Government and Police Amid Protests
Xi Jinping expressed support for the Hong Kong government and police in 2020 amidst protests sparked by a proposed extradition bill, defending the police's use of force.
2020: Mandate for CCP Leadership in Elections
In 2020, a significant decision was made to mandate that all elections at all levels of the people's congress system, including the National People's Congress (NPC), must adhere to the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
2020: Passage of National Security Law in Hong Kong
In 2020, Xi Jinping oversaw the passage of a national security law in Hong Kong. This law clamped down on political opposition, especially targeting pro-democracy activists.
2020: Li Keqiang Reports on Remaining Poverty
In 2020, Premier Li Keqiang reported that 600 million people in China were still living on less than 1000 yuan ($140) a month.
2020: Record Spending on Research and Development
China's domestic expenditure on research and development (R&D) reached a new high of $564 billion in 2020, exceeding that of the European Union.
2020: Chen Xiaojiang Becomes First Han Chinese Head of Ethnic Affairs Commission Since 1954
Chen Xiaojiang was appointed as the head of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission in 2020, marking the first time a Han Chinese individual held this position since 1954.
2020: Mass Detention in Xinjiang Internment Camps
By 2020, an estimated 1.8 million people, primarily Uyghurs, were detained in internment camps in Xinjiang as part of the Chinese government's crackdown on extremism.
2020: Formulation of the "Three Red Lines" Policy
In 2020, Xi Jinping's administration introduced the "three red lines" policy to address the issue of excessive debt in the property sector and mitigate risks associated with its rapid growth.
March 2021: Xi Jinping Remarks on Shifting Global Power Dynamics
In March 2021, Xi Jinping made significant remarks suggesting a shift in global power dynamics, stating that "the East is rising and the West is declining." He cited the Western world's response to the COVID-19 pandemic as an example of this decline, positioning China as poised for a period of opportunity in the evolving global landscape.
May 2021: Implementation of Three-Child Policy
In May 2021, further adjustments were made to family planning policies, with a three-child policy being introduced. This change reflects a growing awareness of China's demographic challenges and a desire to encourage higher birth rates.
July 2021: Removal of Family Size Limits and Penalties
July 2021 marked a pivotal moment in China's family planning policies as all family size limits, along with the associated penalties for exceeding them, were completely removed.
September 2021: China Pledges to Halt Funding for Overseas Coal Projects
In a move lauded as a major step towards combating climate change, Xi Jinping announced in September 2021 that China would cease funding new coal-fired power plants abroad. This decision, a significant shift in policy, signaled China's growing commitment to transitioning away from coal and promoting renewable energy sources globally.
October 2021: China Removes Guarantee of Minority Language Education
In October 2021, China removed wording that ensured minority children's right to education in their native language, replacing it with a focus on teaching the national language.
November 2021: CCP Adopts Historical Resolution Cementing Xi Jinping's Status
In November 2021, the CCP adopted a historical resolution, only the third of its kind after Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping. This document solidified Xi Jinping's ideology and leadership within the party. The resolution didn't fundamentally change the CCP's historical evaluation but emphasized the importance of rallying around Xi's core status.
2021: Politico-Morning Consult Poll Highlights Low Favorability Ratings for Xi Jinping Among Americans
In 2021, a poll conducted by Politico and Morning Consult indicated low favorability ratings for Xi Jinping among Americans. The poll found that only 5% of respondents had a favorable opinion of Xi Jinping, while 38% had an unfavorable opinion.
2021: Declaration of "Complete Victory" Over Extreme Poverty
Xi Jinping declared a "complete victory" over extreme poverty in 2021, attributing the lifting of nearly 100 million people out of poverty to his tenure, although this claim was met with skepticism from experts who noted that China's poverty threshold was lower than international standards.
2021: Xi Jinping's Speech
Xi Jinping delivered a speech in 2021.
2021: Reference to Yan'an Talks at the 11th National Congress
Xi Jinping referenced the Yan'an Talks during the opening ceremony of the 11th National Congress of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and the 10th National Congress of the Chinese Writers Association in 2021, further emphasizing the Party's influence on arts and culture.
2021: Xi Jinping Unveils Global Development Initiative (GDI)
In 2021, Xi Jinping introduced the Global Development Initiative (GDI), reflecting China's growing engagement in international development and its efforts to shape global governance. The GDI is seen as part of China's broader strategy to increase its influence and promote its development model on the world stage.
2021: Promotion of "Common Prosperity" and Crackdowns on Excesses
In 2021, Xi Jinping began promoting the concept of "common prosperity," aiming to achieve affluence for all by addressing income inequality. This initiative led to crackdowns and regulations on sectors perceived as having "excesses," such as the tech and tutoring industries. Large tech companies faced fines, and laws like the Data Security Law were passed. The private tutoring industry was severely restricted, effectively dismantling it. Xi also opened a new stock exchange in Beijing to support small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Cultural regulations were implemented, including limits on minors' video game time and crackdowns on celebrity culture.
2021: China Implements Data Security Law
In 2021, China enacted a comprehensive data security law, regulating the collection, storage, and transfer of data within its borders. This law reflects the growing importance of data security in the digital age and aims to strengthen China's control over data flows.
2021: Celebrating 100 Years of the CCP and Emphasizing Party Leadership
During the CCP's 100th anniversary in 2021, Xi Jinping reiterated the Party's significance in China's progress and national rejuvenation. He emphasized the importance of CCP leadership and cautioned against historical nihilism.
2021: China's Economy Doubles Under Xi's Leadership
By 2021, under Xi Jinping's leadership, China's economy had doubled in size to $17.8 trillion, while the country's nominal GDP per capita surpassed the global average.
2021: Crackdown on Tech and Tutoring Sectors
In 2021, Xi Jinping directed a broad crackdown on the tech and tutoring sectors in China as part of his policies to promote 'common prosperity' and increase equality.
June 2022: Pan Yue Appointed Head of National Ethnic Affairs Commission
Pan Yue, a Han Chinese official known for his assimilationist views, was appointed as the head of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission in June 2022.
July 2022: Xi Jinping's Visit and Call for Cultural Preservation in Xinjiang
During a visit to Xinjiang in July 2022, Xi Jinping encouraged local officials to prioritize listening to the people and emphasized efforts to preserve ethnic minority cultures.
July 2022: Xi Jinping's Continued Support for "Dynamic Zero-COVID" Policy Amid Criticism
In July 2022, amidst growing criticism, Xi Jinping continued to advocate for the "dynamic zero-COVID" policy. While initially praised, the approach, involving strict lockdowns and mass testing, faced criticism for its economic impact and disconnect from global trends. The lockdown in Shanghai, a major economic hub, intensified these concerns. Despite this, Xi defended the policy as essential for safeguarding lives. It was also reported that Xi and other top officials had received locally-produced COVID-19 vaccines.
October 2022: Secures Third Term as CCP General Secretary
In October 2022, Xi Jinping secured a third term as the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), reinforcing his leadership and centralization of power.
October 2022: 20th National Congress of the CCP
In October 2022, the 20th National Congress of the CCP saw amendments to the party constitution and the re-election of Xi Jinping as general secretary for an unprecedented third term, solidifying his hold on power.
November 2022: Protests Erupt Against China's Zero-COVID Policy
Widespread protests erupted across major Chinese cities in November 2022, triggered by a deadly fire in Ürümqi. Public anger, fueled by stringent lockdowns and economic hardship under the Zero-COVID policy, escalated into calls for Xi Jinping's resignation and an end to CCP rule. These protests, though largely suppressed by December, marked a significant challenge to Xi's authority.
December 2022: Shift in COVID-19 Strategy
By December 2022, Xi Jinping shifted China's COVID-19 strategy from a zero-COVID policy to a mitigation strategy, reflecting a significant change in the country's approach to the pandemic.
December 2022: China Announces Major Shift in COVID-19 Policy Following Protests
In December 2022, following widespread protests, China announced significant changes to its zero-COVID policy. The new measures included allowing home quarantine for mild cases, reducing PCR testing requirements, and limiting the authority of local officials to impose lockdowns. These changes signaled a shift from the previous rigid approach, aiming to balance virus control with economic and social concerns.
2022: Decrease in Offshore IPOs by Chinese Companies
By 2022, there had been a noticeable decrease in the number of Chinese companies opting for offshore initial public offerings (IPOs). The majority of Chinese IPOs were taking place domestically, primarily in the financial centers of Shanghai or Shenzhen.
2022: Xi Jinping Introduces Global Security Initiative (GSI)
Xi Jinping launched the Global Security Initiative (GSI) in 2022, outlining China's vision for global security cooperation and governance. The GSI emphasizes multilateralism, dialogue, and addressing common security threats, reflecting China's evolving approach to international security affairs.
2022: Xi Jinping's Visit to Hong Kong and John Lee's Swearing-In
Xi Jinping visited Hong Kong again in 2022 for the 25th handover anniversary and oversaw the swearing-in of John Lee, a former police officer backed by Beijing, as the new Chief Executive.
2022: Continued Growth of Private Sector Firms
By 2022, the share of private sector firms in China's top listed companies had increased from 10% in 2012 to over 40%, reflecting a changing economic landscape.
March 2023: Reelected State President
Xi Jinping was reelected as the state president for a third term in March 2023, further solidifying his long-term leadership role in China.
March 2023: Xi Jinping Re-elected as PRC President
In March 2023, Xi Jinping was re-elected as the PRC president and chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission, marking the beginning of his third term.
August 2023: Xi Jinping Promotes Xinjiang Tourism and Development
In August 2023, during another visit to Xinjiang, Xi Jinping highlighted the region's progress in development and encouraged increased tourism, positioning it as a destination for both domestic and international visitors.
2023: Strengthening Party Control over Finance and Technology and Bureaucracy Overhaul
The year 2023 saw further reforms aimed at strengthening Party control over the financial and technology sectors. Two CCP bodies, the Central Financial Commission (CFC) and the revived Central Financial Work Commission (CFWC), previously dissolved in 2002, were established to oversee finance. A new CCP Central Science and Technology Commission was created to oversee the technology sector broadly. Furthermore, a new Social Work Department was tasked with managing CCP interactions with various sectors, including civic groups, chambers of commerce, industry groups, and handling public petitions and grievances.
2023: Revival of Traditional Chinese Culture and Introduction of Global Civilization Initiative
In 2023, Xi Jinping spearheaded a revival of traditional Chinese culture, emphasizing its importance as the "soul" of the nation. He also introduced the Global Civilization Initiative, advocating for respecting diverse civilizations and fostering international cooperation.
2023: China's Military Budget Reaches Record $224 Billion Under Xi Jinping's Leadership
In 2023, under Xi Jinping's leadership, China's official military budget reached an unprecedented $224 billion, marking a significant increase in military spending. This reflects Xi's emphasis on strengthening China's military capabilities and asserting its presence on the global stage.
2023: Xi Jinping Proposes Global Civilization Initiative (GCI)
In 2023, Xi Jinping put forward the Global Civilization Initiative (GCI), highlighting the importance of intercultural dialogue and understanding in a multipolar world. The GCI emphasizes mutual respect among civilizations, promoting China's vision of a more inclusive and harmonious global order.
2023: Xi Jinping's Vision for New Productive Forces
In 2023, Xi Jinping introduced the concept of "new productive forces," referring to the transformative potential of continuous advancements in science, technology, and innovation to drive the growth of strategically important and emerging industries in an increasingly information-driven era.
2023: Xi Jinping Expresses Uncertainty About National Soccer Team's Capabilities
In 2023, Xi Jinping admitted to having doubts about the capabilities of the national soccer team, stating that he was "not so sure" of their abilities.
2023: Dissolution of Financial Stability and Development Committee and Establishment of Central Financial Commission
As part of the 2023 Party and state reforms, the Financial Stability and Development Committee was dissolved and replaced by the newly formed Central Financial Commission. This restructuring aimed to further strengthen the Party's control over the financial sector.
2024: Reinforcement of CCP's Role in Governance
In 2024, the CCP's role in governance was further strengthened by requiring the State Council to align its actions with CCP ideology and policies. This move solidified the Party's dominance over government functions.
2025: Target Year for China's 50,000 Soccer Schools
2025 marks the target year for China's ambitious goal of establishing 50,000 soccer schools as part of the nation's comprehensive 50-point plan for soccer development, approved by Xi Jinping in 2015.
2025: "Made in China 2025" Plan
Xi Jinping's administration has promoted the "Made in China 2025" plan, an initiative aimed at enhancing China's self-sufficiency in crucial technologies, although this plan has been publicly downplayed following the onset of trade tensions with the United States.
2030: China Aims to Peak Carbon Emissions
China has set an ambitious target to reach peak carbon emissions by 2030, signifying a critical milestone in their commitment to combating climate change. This goal reflects their dedication to transitioning towards a more sustainable future.
2030: US Department of Defense Predicts Potential Growth of China's Nuclear Arsenal
The US Department of Defense has estimated that China's nuclear arsenal could potentially expand to reach 1,000 by 2030. This projection underscores the ongoing concerns surrounding China's nuclear capabilities and its implications for regional and global security.
2035: Relocation to Xiong'an
Relocation efforts to the Xiong'an New Area are expected to continue until 2035.
2049: Xi Jinping Aims for China to Lead the World in National Strength and Influence by 2049
Xi Jinping has set an ambitious goal for China to become the world leader in terms of composite national strength and international influence by 2049. This objective, stated during the 20th CCP National Congress, underscores his vision for China's rise as a global superpower.
2050: Xiong'an to Become a "Modern Socialist City"
By 2050, Xiong'an is planned to be developed into a "modern socialist city."
2060: China's Goal of Achieving Carbon Neutrality
China has set a groundbreaking target to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. This ambitious goal demonstrates their commitment to significantly reducing their carbon footprint and transitioning to a more sustainable model.