Apple Inc., founded in 1976 and headquartered in Cupertino, California, is a multinational technology corporation renowned for its consumer electronics, software, and online services. Originally established as Apple Computer Company by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne, it later transitioned its name to Apple Inc. in 2007 to reflect its broader focus beyond computers. Apple is a key player in the Big Tech landscape, known for its innovative products and significant impact on the technology industry.
In 1980, Apple's IPO generated more capital than any IPO since Ford Motor Company in 1956.
On April 1, 1976, Apple Computer Company was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne as a partnership.
In July 1976, Wozniak debuted the first prototype Apple I at the Homebrew Computer Club. It was sold as a motherboard with CPU, RAM, and basic textual-video chips for $666.66.
In 1976, Apple Computer Company was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in Silicon Valley, California. The company focused on consumer electronics, software, and online services.
On January 3, 1977, Apple Computer, Inc. was incorporated in Cupertino, California. Ronald Wayne left and sold his share back to Jobs and Wozniak.
On April 16, 1977, the Apple II, designed by Wozniak, was introduced at the first West Coast Computer Faire.
Between September 1977 and September 1980, Apple's yearly sales grew from $775,000 to US$118 million.
In 1978, the 5+1⁄4-inch floppy disk drive and interface called the Disk II superseded audio cassette tapes as storage devices for the Apple II.
In December 1979, Steve Jobs and Apple employees visited Xerox PARC, observing the Xerox Alto with a GUI and mouse, influencing Apple's future products like the Apple Lisa.
In 1979, the Apple II became the desktop platform for VisiCalc, a spreadsheet program which became the first killer application for business, boosting sales.
By September 1980, Apple's yearly sales reached US$118 million, marking an average annual growth rate of 533% since September 1977.
On December 12, 1980, Apple went public on the Nasdaq, selling 4.6 million shares at $22 per share, generating over $100 million and creating around 300 millionaires.
In January 1981, Steve Jobs, after being removed from the Lisa team, joined the Macintosh division and redefined the Macintosh as a cheaper graphical system.
In 1983, Apple introduced the Lisa computer as one of the first to use a graphical user interface and a mouse.
On January 22, 1984, Apple launched the Macintosh and aired the "1984" advertisement during Super Bowl XVIII, a US$1.5 million television advertisement directed by Ridley Scott.
From the introduction of the Macintosh in 1984, with the 1984 Super Bowl advertisement to the more modern Get a Mac adverts, Apple has been recognized for its efforts toward effective advertising and marketing for its products.
In 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh computer, also featuring a graphical user interface and a mouse.
In July 1985, Aldus Corporation released PageMaker, an early desktop publishing application. The combination of Macintosh, LaserWriter, and PageMaker is credited with creating the desktop publishing market.
In September 1985, Steve Jobs resigned from Apple and founded NeXT after attempting to oust CEO John Sculley. Wozniak had quit his active employment at Apple earlier in 1985.
In 1985, internal conflicts led to Steve Jobs leaving Apple to form NeXT; John Sculley became CEO.
In early 1985, a sales slump triggered a power struggle between Steve Jobs and CEO John Sculley, resulting in Sculley removing Jobs as the head of the Macintosh division.
In 1988, Apple initiated the Pink project and introduced A/UX, marking the start of numerous attempts to modernize the Macintosh operating system.
During the Christmas season of 1989, Apple experienced its first decline in sales, which led to a 20% drop in the company's stock price.
The magazine MacAddict named the period between 1989 and 1991 as the "first golden age" of the Macintosh due to the success of lower-cost Macs and the PowerBook.
In January 1990, Sculley demoted Jean-Louis Gassée by appointing Michael Spindler as the chief operating officer. Gassée left Apple later that year to set up a rival, Be Inc.
In October 1990, Apple introduced three lower-cost models: the Macintosh Classic, the Macintosh LC, and the Macintosh IIsi, which generated significant sales.
In 1991, Apple introduced the PowerBook, and System 7, a major upgrade to the Macintosh operating system.
The magazine MacAddict named the period between 1989 and 1991 as the "first golden age" of the Macintosh due to the success of lower-cost Macs and the PowerBook.
In 1993, Apple discontinued the Apple II series to avoid absorbing sales from lower-cost Macintosh models.
In 1993, Sculley was replaced as CEO by Michael Spindler due to major product flops and loss of market share to Windows.
In 1994, Apple launched the Copland project, which was one of many failed attempts to modernize the Macintosh operating system. The original Macintosh operating system was not built for multitasking.
In 1994, Apple, IBM, and Motorola formed the AIM alliance to create a new computing platform called the PowerPC Reference Platform (PReP). Additionally, in 1994, Apple introduced the Power Macintosh, the first computer utilizing Motorola's PowerPC processor.
In 1996, Apple evaluated purchasing BeOS as part of their efforts to modernize the Macintosh operating system. However, talks stalled when Be's CEO demanded $300 million, contrasting Apple's $125 million offer. Ultimately, Apple acquired NeXT in late 1996.
In 1996, Gil Amelio replaced Michael Spindler as CEO of Apple, due to his reputation as a corporate rehabilitator. Amelio implemented significant changes, including extensive layoffs and cost-cutting measures.
In 1996, following the AIM alliance, Apple allowed Motorola and other companies to build Macintosh clones. By 1996, 75 distinct Macintosh clone models were introduced, causing concern among Apple executives about cannibalizing sales of their own high-end computers.
On February 9, 1997, the acquisition of NeXT was finalized, and Steve Jobs returned to Apple as an advisor.
On July 9, 1997, Steve Jobs staged a boardroom coup, leading to Gil Amelio's resignation. Following this, the board appointed Jobs as interim CEO and Jobs subsequently cut 70% of the company's product models.
In September 1997, Apple purchased Power Computing, which was the largest Mac clone maker at the time.
On November 10, 1997, Apple launched its Apple Store website, which was linked to a build-to-order manufacturing model.
From 1997, Apple used the slogan "Think different" in its advertising campaigns, which became closely associated with the brand.
In 1997, Apple relaunched its online store and began efforts to revamp the retail program, aiming for an improved relationship with consumers.
In 1997, Apple, nearing bankruptcy, acquired NeXT, bringing Steve Jobs back to the company to overhaul its market strategy.
On May 6, 1998, Apple introduced the iMac, a new all-in-one computer reminiscent of the original Macintosh. It sold 800,000 units in its first five months.
From 1998, Apple used an Aqua-themed version of its monochromatic logo.
In 1998, Apple used the slogan "iThink, therefore iMac" to promote the iMac.
In April 1999, Apple launched Final Cut Pro, which was based on the acquired Key Grip digital video editing software project from Macromedia.
On July 21, 1999, Apple introduced the iBook consumer laptop, part of Steve Jobs's strategy to produce only four key products.
On August 27, 1999, Apple officially discontinued the use of the rainbow-colored logo and transitioned to monochromatic logos that were nearly identical in shape to the previous design.
In October 1999, Apple released iMovie, a consumer video-editing product that came about as a result of the development of Key Grip.
In 1999, Apple officially shortened the name of its personal computer line from Macintosh to Mac.
In April 2000, Apple acquired Astarte, a German company that developed the DVD authoring software DVDirector, later repackaged as DVD Studio Pro and iDVD.
On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X, a new modern operating system based on NeXTSTEP, OpenStep, and BSD Unix.
In May 2001, Apple opened its first two Apple Store retail locations in Virginia and California.
In May 2001, the first two Apple Stores were opened by CEO Steve Jobs, marking a significant shift towards improved retail presentation and consumer relationships.
On October 23, 2001, Apple debuted the iPod portable digital audio player. It was first sold on November 10, 2001, and became a major success.
In 2001, Apple expanded its product line beyond computers to include portable devices, starting with the introduction of the iPod.
Apple used the slogan "Think different" in its advertising campaigns until 2002.
In 2002, Apple purchased Nothing Real for Shake and Emagic for Logic. The purchase of Emagic made Apple the first computer manufacturer to own a music software company. In 2002, the release of iPhoto completed the iLife suite.
Apple used the Aqua-themed version of the monochromatic logo until 2003.
Between early 2003 and 2006, the price of Apple's stock increased more than tenfold.
In 2003, the iTunes Store was introduced, allowing music downloads for 99¢ a song and integrated with the iPod. It quickly became a market leader.
Claims made by Apple's advertising campaigns, particularly the 2005 Power Mac ads, were subject to criticism.
The abuses discovered started around 2005.
On January 10, 2006, the new MacBook Pro and iMac became the first Apple computers to use Intel's Core Duo CPU.
In January 2006, Apple surpassed Dell's market capitalization, prompting Steve Jobs to send an email to Apple employees referencing Michael Dell's previous comments.
By August 7, 2006, Apple completed the transition to Intel chips for the entire Mac product line, over one year ahead of schedule. The Power Mac, iBook, and PowerBook brands were retired, and the Mac Pro, MacBook, and MacBook Pro became their successors.
On January 9, 2007, at the Macworld Expo, Apple Computer, Inc. was renamed to Apple Inc. to reflect the company's broader focus on consumer electronics. Additionally, the iPhone and Apple TV were announced at this event.
On February 6, 2007, Steve Jobs wrote that Apple would be willing to sell music on the iTunes Store without digital rights management if record labels agreed.
On April 2, 2007, Apple and EMI jointly announced the removal of DRM technology from EMI's catalog in the iTunes Store, effective in May 2007.
Effective May 2007, Apple and EMI jointly announced the removal of DRM technology from EMI's catalog in the iTunes Store.
In June 2007, Apple began replacing the cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) backlit LCD displays in its computers with mercury-free LED-backlit LCD displays and arsenic-free glass, starting with the upgraded MacBook Pro.
In 2007, Apple Computer, Inc. was renamed to Apple Inc. This change reflected the company's expanded focus from computers to consumer electronics.
In 2007, Apple introduced the iPhone, further expanding its product categories into portable devices.
In May 2008, Climate Counts gave Apple only 11 points out of 100, placing the company last among electronics companies.
By June 19, 2008, the iTunes Store had surpassed 5 billion downloads, becoming the market leader in online music services.
In July 2008, Apple launched the App Store to sell third-party applications for the iPhone and iPod Touch.
In August 2008, Steve Jobs speculated that the App Store could become a billion-dollar business for Apple.
By October 2008, Apple had become the third-largest mobile handset supplier in the world, driven by the popularity of the iPhone.
Following campaigns by Greenpeace, in 2008, Apple became the first electronics manufacturer to eliminate all polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in its complete product line.
In 2008, Fortune magazine recognized Apple as the most admired company in the United States.
On January 14, 2009, Steve Jobs announced that he would be taking a six-month medical leave of absence from Apple to focus on his health.
In January 2009, Apple announced that all songs on the iTunes Store were available without FairPlay DRM.
In June 2009, Apple's iPhone 3GS was free of PVC, arsenic, and BFRs.
In June 2009, Steve Jobs' six-month medical leave of absence from Apple ended.
On January 27, 2010, Apple unveiled the iPad, a large-screen, tablet-like media device.
On April 3, 2010, the iPad was launched in the U.S., selling over 300,000 units on its first day.
In June 2010, Apple released the iPhone 4, which introduced video calling via FaceTime, multitasking, and a new design.
In 2010, Apple continued its expansion into portable devices with the introduction of the iPad.
In 2010, Climate Counts gave Apple a score of 52 points out of 100, putting Apple in their top category "Striding."
On January 17, 2011, Steve Jobs announced another medical leave of absence for an indefinite period, with Tim Cook assuming day-to-day operations.
In June 2011, Steve Jobs unveiled iCloud, an online storage and syncing service, which replaced MobileMe.
In November 2011, Apple was featured in Greenpeace's Guide to Greener Electronics, ranking fourth of fifteen electronics companies.
In 2011, Apple Stores generated over $16 billion in global sales, solidifying their position among top-tier retail stores.
In 2011, Apple's profit margins reached 40 percent, significantly higher than the 10 to 20 percent profit margins of most other hardware companies. Tim Cook described his focus on the company's operational arm with the saying "Nobody wants to buy sour milk."
In 2011, Steve Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple for health reasons and died two months later; Tim Cook succeeded him.
Since 2011, Apple has been the world's largest company by market capitalization for the most part.
In January 2012, Apple requested that its cable maker, Volex, begin producing halogen-free USB and power cables.
On April 17, 2012, Apple released a statement committing to ending its use of coal and shifting to 100% renewable clean energy following a Greenpeace protest.
In July 2012, during a conference call with investors, CEO Tim Cook expressed his affection for India but noted that Apple saw larger opportunities outside the region, citing India's requirement that 30% of products sold be manufactured in the country, which "really adds cost to getting product to market".
On October 30, 2012, British MP Charlie Elphicke published research showing that some multinational companies, including Apple Inc., were making billions in the UK but paying only a 3% effective tax rate, and called for greater tax transparency.
In November 2012, Apple donated $2.5 million to the American Red Cross to aid relief efforts after Hurricane Sandy.
From 2008 to 2012, Fortune magazine consistently named Apple the most admired company in the world.
In 2012, an independent reseller eBizcuss, first discovered the abuses.
In May 2013, a US Senate report concluded that Apple has held billions of dollars in profits in Irish subsidiaries to pay little or no taxes to any government.
On May 21, 2013, Apple CEO Tim Cook defended the company's tax practices at a Senate hearing following a report that Apple held billions in Irish subsidiaries to avoid taxes.
In November 2013, Apple used its iTunes platform to encourage donations for the Typhoon Haiyan relief efforts in the Philippines.
Apple used the glass-themed version of the monochromatic logo until 2013.
By 2013, Apple was using 100% renewable energy to power their data centers, and overall, 75% of the company's power came from clean renewable sources.
In November 2014, Apple arranged for all App Store revenue in a two-week period to go to the Product Red fundraiser, generating more than US$20 million.
In 2014, Jonathan Ive claimed that "people have an incredibly personal relationship" with Apple's products, highlighting the strong connection many users feel with the brand.
With the release of iOS 8 in 2014, Apple began encrypting all contents of iOS devices using user passcodes, preventing the company from providing customer data to law enforcement.
In January 2015, the UL's Zero Waste to Landfill validation standard started. It certifies that all manufacturing waste is reused, recycled, composted, or converted into energy.
In May 2015, Greenpeace commended Apple on their environmental practices saying, "Apple's commitment to renewable energy has helped set a new bar for the industry".
In 2015, Apple leased an electronic computer manufacturing facility in Santa Clara, California, code named Aria.
In 2015, Apple used its iTunes platform to encourage donations for the European migrant crisis.
In 2015, Apple's increased activity in retail, corporate and data centers increased the amount of water use to 573 million gallons.
In February 2016, Apple issued a US$1.5 billion green bond (climate bond), the first ever of its kind by a U.S. tech company.
As of March 2016, Lisa P. Jackson announced that 93% of Apple's worldwide operations are powered with renewable energy.
On March 21, 2016, Apple provided an update on its environmental initiative to be 100% renewable in all of its worldwide operations.
In May 2016, Apple Stores underwent a significant redesign, including physical and functional changes to enhance interaction between consumers and professionals.
As of June 6, 2016, Apple's solar farms in California and Nevada have been declared to provide 217.9 megawatts of solar generation capacity.
As of 2016, Apple states that 100% of its U.S. operations and data centers run on renewable energy and 93% of Apple's global operations run on renewable energy.
In 2016, Apple began using deep learning scans for facial data in photos on user's local devices and encrypting the content before uploading it to iCloud.
In 2016, the European Commission claimed that Apple's use of a hybrid Double Irish tax arrangement constituted "illegal state aid" from Ireland, and ordered Apple to pay 13 billion euros in unpaid taxes.
In March 2017, Apple released a (Product)Red version of the iPhone 7.
In May 2017, Apple announced a $1 billion funding project for "advanced manufacturing" in the United States. They also invested $200 million in Corning Inc., a manufacturer of toughened Gorilla Glass used in Apple's iPhones.
In October 2017, Tim Cook stated in an interview with the German newspaper FAZ that Apple was the biggest taxpayer worldwide.
As of December 2017, Apple had expanded its retail presence to 499 stores across 22 countries worldwide.
The collusions continued until 2017.
According to a report from Bloomberg in 2018, the Aria facility is used to develop microLED screens under the code name T159.
In 2018, Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company to be valued at over $1 trillion.
In 2018, Apple repatriated $285 billion to the United States, resulting in a $38 billion tax payment spread over the following eight years.
In 2018, Lens Technology committed to power all its glass production for Apple with 100 percent renewable energy.
In April 2019, Apple initiated manufacturing of the iPhone 7 at its Bengaluru facility, targeting local customer demand while seeking more incentives from the Indian government.
In 2019, Apple announced its intention to focus on expanding its service revenues, signaling a shift in strategy.
In 2019, Apple was named as a defendant in a lawsuit by Congolese families alleging forced labor and child slavery in cobalt mines owned by Glencore and Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt, which supply battery materials to Apple and other companies.
On March 16, 2020, France fined Apple €1.1 billion for colluding with wholesalers to stifle competition and maintain high prices for Apple products like iPads and personal computers, affecting about half of the French retail market.
On July 21, 2020, Apple announced its plan to become carbon neutral across its entire business, manufacturing supply chain, and product life cycle by 2030.
On August 13, 2020, Epic Games sued Apple and Google after their game Fortnite was removed from the App Store and Google Play due to the implementation of a direct payment system bypassing the imposed fees.
In September 2020, Epic Games, along with thirteen other companies, established the Coalition for App Fairness, aiming to improve conditions for app inclusion in app stores.
As of September 2020, Apple had sold over 500 million iPads.
In December 2020, Facebook agreed to provide materials and documents to support Epic Games in its legal case against Apple, although Facebook chose not to directly participate in the lawsuit.
During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Apple's CEO Cook announced that the company will be donating "millions" of masks to health workers in the United States and Europe.
As of January 2021, there were 1.65 billion Apple products actively in use worldwide.
As of 2021, Apple directly employs 147,000 workers, including 25,000 corporate employees in Apple Park and across Silicon Valley. Apple relies on a larger, outsourced workforce for manufacturing, particularly in China and uses hardware components from 43 different countries.
As of 2021, Apple has donated over $250 million to Product Red.
Facebook committed to helping with the discovery of evidence relating to the trial of 2021.
In 2021, Apple Together, a solidarity union, sought to bring together the company's global worker organizations.
On March 30, 2022, Bloomberg News reported that Apple provided data, including phone numbers, physical addresses, and IP addresses, to hackers who posed as law enforcement officials using forged documents. The law enforcement requests sometimes included forged signatures of real or fictional officials.
As of September 3, 2022, Apple's initial public offering price of $22 per share in 1980 adjusts to $.10 per share when accounting for stock splits.
In February 2023, the number of Apple devices in active use exceeded 2 billion worldwide.
In August 2023, the EPA inspected Apple's Aria facility due to a tip from a former employee regarding potential mistreatment of waste.
As of 2023, there are over 2 billion Apple devices actively being used worldwide.
In April 2024, lawyers representing the Democratic Republic of the Congo notified Apple of evidence suggesting that Apple may be sourcing minerals from conflict areas of eastern Congo.
In June 2024, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a report about an electronic computer manufacturing facility leased by Apple in 2015 in Santa Clara, California, code named Aria, stating that Apple was potentially in violation of federal regulations under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
As of June 2024, Apple is valued at just over $3.2 trillion.
On June 24, 2024, the European Commission accused Apple of violating the Digital Markets Act by preventing "app developers from freely steering consumers to alternative channels for offers and content".
In December 2024, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) filed a lawsuit against Apple's European subsidiaries, accusing them of using conflict minerals. Apple responded by strongly disputing the allegations and affirming its commitment to responsible sourcing.
As of 2024, Apple is the largest manufacturing company by revenue, the fourth-largest personal computer vendor, the largest vendor of tablet computers, and the largest vendor of mobile phones.
As of the end of 2024, Apple's "Wearables, Home and Accessories" category accounted for approximately ten percent of the company's revenue.
As of the end of 2024, personal computers accounted for approximately eight percent of Apple's total revenue.
As of the end of 2024, the iPad accounted for seven percent of Apple's total revenue.
As of the end of 2024, the iPhone accounted for nearly half of Apple's total revenue, solidifying its position as a major profit driver for the company.
In 1976, Jobs and Wozniak earned $1,300 selling a Volkswagen Bus and an HP-65 calculator, respectively, equivalent to $7,200 in 2024. The Apple I was priced soon after debut for $666.66 equivalent to $3,700 in 2024.
In 1984, Steve Jobs aspired to a projected price point of $1,000 for the Macintosh, equivalent to $3,000 in 2024.
In 2024, Apple was ranked as the No. 3 company in the world on the Fortune 500 list.
As of September 2025, Apple is valued at just over $3.47 trillion.
In 2025, Apple faced several significant challenges including a decline in stock value, antitrust investigations, legal disputes involving the App Store, increased competition in AI, high-profile departures, and political tensions related to domestic manufacturing of iPhones. Despite growth in the services sector and the launch of new products such as the iPhone 16e and M4 MacBook Air, 2025 was one of the most difficult years for CEO Tim Cook.
By 2030, Apple aims to achieve carbon neutrality across its entire business, manufacturing supply chain, and product life cycle.
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