From career breakthroughs to professional milestones, explore how Vladimir Putin made an impact.
Vladimir Putin is a Russian politician who has dominated Russian politics for over two decades. He served as President of Russia from 2000 to 2008 and again from 2012 to the present. He also held the position of Prime Minister from 1999 to 2000 and 2008 to 2012. Prior to his political career, Putin was a KGB intelligence officer. His tenure has been marked by a centralization of power, economic reforms (initially), and a more assertive foreign policy. He is the longest-serving Russian president since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
In 1975, Vladimir Putin graduated from the Leningrad State University named after Andrei Zhdanov with a degree in law. His thesis was on "The Most Favored Nation Trading Principle in International Law".
In 1975, Vladimir Putin joined the KGB and trained at the 401st KGB School in Okhta, Leningrad.
In September 1984, Vladimir Putin was sent to Moscow for further training at the Yuri Andropov Red Banner Institute within the KGB.
In 1985, Vladimir Putin was assigned to Dresden, East Germany, where he served until 1990, using a cover identity as a translator.
During the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, Vladimir Putin reportedly saved the files of the Soviet Cultural Center and the KGB villa in Dresden from demonstrators, burning only the KGB files.
In May 1990, Vladimir Putin was appointed as an advisor on international affairs to the mayor of Leningrad, Anatoly Sobchak.
In 1990, Vladimir Putin's assignment in Dresden, East Germany, came to an end. He had been serving there since 1985 under a cover identity as a translator.
In early 1990, after the collapse of the Communist East German government, Vladimir Putin returned to Leningrad and joined the "active reserves."
On June 28, 1991, Vladimir Putin became head of the Committee for External Relations of the Mayor's Office in Saint Petersburg.
On August 20, 1991, the second day of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, Vladimir Putin resigned from the KGB with the rank of lieutenant colonel.
In 1991, Vladimir Putin resigned from the KGB to begin a political career in Saint Petersburg.
In 1991, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ceased to exist, ending Vladimir Putin's membership, which had been required during his time at Leningrad State University.
In March 1994, Vladimir Putin was appointed as first deputy chairman of the Government of Saint Petersburg.
From 1994 to 1996, Vladimir Putin held several other political and governmental positions in Saint Petersburg.
In 1994, the president of Kazakhstan proposed the idea of a Eurasian Union. Putin endorsed the idea in 2011.
In June 1996, after Sobchak lost his bid for re-election, Vladimir Putin resigned from his positions in the city administration of Saint Petersburg.
Despite recommendations to be fired, Vladimir Putin remained head of the Committee for External Relations until 1996.
In 1996, Vladimir Putin moved to Moscow to join the administration of President Boris Yeltsin.
In March 1997, Boris Yeltsin appointed Vladimir Putin as the deputy chief of the Presidential Staff. He retained this position until May 1998.
Vladimir Putin occupied the position of deputy chief of the Presidential Property Management Department until March 1997.
In April 1997, Putin was promoted to 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation, which is the highest federal state civilian service rank.
In 1997, Vladimir Putin received a degree in economics at the Saint Petersburg Mining University for a thesis on energy dependencies and their instrumentalisation in foreign policy.
On May 25, 1998, Putin was appointed First Deputy Chief of the Presidential Staff for the regions, succeeding Viktoriya Mitina.
Vladimir Putin retained his position as deputy chief of the Presidential Staff until May 1998.
In June 1998, Vladimir Putin served as chief of the Main Control Directorate of the Presidential Property Management Department.
On July 25, 1998, Boris Yeltsin appointed Vladimir Putin as the director of the Federal Security Service (FSB). During his time as director, Putin focused on strengthening the agency.
During the Russian financial crash of August 1998, Putin learned that financial crises are politically destabilizing and must be avoided at all costs.
In August 1999, Vladimir Putin was appointed as the Prime Minister of Russia, marking a significant step in his political career.
On August 9, 1999, Vladimir Putin was appointed as one of three first deputy prime ministers, and later that day was appointed acting prime minister of the Government of the Russian Federation by President Yeltsin. Yeltsin also announced that he wanted to see Putin as his successor, and Putin agreed to run for the presidency.
Following the September 1999 Russian apartment bombings and the invasion of Dagestan by mujahideen, Putin's law-and-order image and approach to the Second Chechen War raised his popularity, allowing him to overtake his rivals.
In December 1999, Vladimir Putin pledged his support to the newly formed Unity Party, which subsequently supported Putin in turn.
In December 30, 1999, Putin's document "Russia at the Turn of the Millenium" appeared on the government's website. It presented Putin as orienting himself to the plan that Russia is a country with unique values in danger of losing its unity.
On December 31, 1999, Boris Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned, making Vladimir Putin the Acting President of the Russian Federation, according to the Constitution of Russia. Putin visited Russian troops in Chechnya.
On December 31, 1999, Vladimir Putin signed his first presidential decree, titled "On guarantees for the former president of the Russian Federation and the members of his family", ensuring that corruption charges against Yeltsin and his relatives would not be pursued.
According to Sergey Guriyev, 1999 marks the beginning of Putin's "reform" years, lasting until 2003.
In 1999, Putin signed a presidential decree.
In 1999, there was an adapted version of the accord, known as the Adapted CFE Treaty.
On March 26, 2000, Vladimir Putin won the presidential elections in the first round with 53% of the vote.
On May 13, 2000, Putin issued a decree organizing Russia's 89 federal subjects into seven administrative federal districts, appointing a presidential envoy for each to create a vertical power structure.
On May 7, 2000, Vladimir Putin was inaugurated as President of Russia and appointed Mikhail Kasyanov as prime minister.
In June 2000, Putin's opponents had been preparing for an election.
In July 2000, Putin gained the right to dismiss the heads of the 89 federal subjects, according to a law he proposed and the Federal Assembly of Russia approved.
On August 30, 2000, a criminal investigation (number 18/238278-95) in which Putin himself, as a member of the Saint Petersburg city government, was one of the suspects, was dropped.
In 2000, Putin launched the "Programme for the Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the Period 2000–2010".
In 2000, Vladimir Litvinenko managed Vladimir Putin's presidential election campaigns in St Petersburg.
In 2000, Vladimir Putin co-authored the book "Learn Judo with Vladimir Putin" in Russian. Also during his visit to Japan in 2000, a Japanese girl with a green belt in judo tossed him to the floor.
Starting in 2000, Putin began reconstructing Russia and reached a 'grand bargain' with the Russian oligarchs.
Vladimir Putin has been nominated and elected as President of Russia all five times since 2000, typically under an independent banner.
On February 12, 2001, Putin signed a similar federal law which replaced the decree of 1999.
In August 2007, Russian expedition Arktika 2007, part of research related to the 2001 Russian territorial extension claim, planted a flag on the seabed at the North Pole.
According to Sergey Guriyev, 2003 marks the end of Putin's "reform" years.
In 2003, a referendum was held in Chechnya, adopting a new constitution declaring the Republic of Chechnya a part of Russia while also granting it autonomy.
On March 14, 2004, Vladimir Putin was elected to the presidency for a second term, receiving 71% of the vote.
According to Sergey Guriyev, 2004 marks the beginning of Putin's "statist" years, lasting until the first half of 2008.
By 2004, Putin had reconstructed Russia and reached a 'grand bargain' with the Russian oligarchs.
In 2004, Putin signed the Kyoto Protocol treaty designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
In 2004, Vladimir Litvinenko managed Vladimir Putin's presidential election campaigns in St Petersburg, for the second time.
In 2004, Vladimir Putin co-authored the book "Judo: History, Theory, Practice" in English.
In 2004, the direct election of regional heads (governors) by popular vote was replaced with a system where they would be nominated by the president and approved or disapproved by regional legislatures.
Vladimir Putin was reelected as president of Russia in 2004, securing his second term in office.
A fund for oil revenue allowed Russia to repay Soviet Union's debts by 2005.
In 2005, Putin characterized the collapse of the Soviet Union as the "greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the twentieth century" in a Kremlin speech. In 2005, the National Priority Projects were launched to improve Russia's health care, education, housing, and agriculture.
In 2006, Putin launched an industry consolidation programme to bring the main aircraft-producing companies under a single umbrella organization, the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC).
In February 2007, Vladimir Putin complained about the feeling of insecurity engendered by the dominant position in geopolitics of the United States at the Munich Security Conference.
As president, Putin took an active personal part in promoting the Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate, signed 17 May 2007, which restored relations between the Moscow-based Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia after the 80-year schism.
In June 2007, Putin's approval rating was 81%, the second-highest of any leader in the world that year.
On July 14, 2007, Putin announced that Russia would suspend implementation of its Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe obligations.
In August 2007, Russian expedition Arktika 2007 planted a flag on the seabed at the North Pole as part of research related to the 2001 Russian territorial extension claim.
On September 12, 2007, Putin dissolved the government upon the request of Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov, and on September 19, Putin's nuclear-capable bombers commenced exercises near the US.
In December 2007, United Russia won 64.24% of the popular vote in the State Duma elections, indicating strong support for Putin's leadership and policies at the time.
On December 5, 2007, Russian defense minister Anatoliy Serdyukov announced that 11 ships, including the aircraft carrier Kuznetsov, would take part in the first major navy sortie into the Mediterranean since Soviet times.
According to Meduza, since 2007 Putin has predicted on a number of occasions that Russia will become one of the world's five largest economies.
In April 2008, Vladimir Putin became the first Russian president to visit Libya, marking a significant diplomatic event.
In May 2008, one day after handing the presidency to Dmitry Medvedev, Putin was appointed Prime Minister of Russia, maintaining his political dominance.
According to Sergey Guriyev, the second half of 2008 marks the beginning of the world economic crisis and recovery period, lasting until 2013.
From 2008 to 2012, Vladimir Putin served as Prime Minister of Russia under Dmitry Medvedev, due to constitutional term limits for the presidency.
Fueled by the 2000s commodities boom, including record-high oil prices, the Programme for the Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation ended in 2008.
In 2008 Putin considered overcoming the consequences of the world economic crisis as one of his two main achievements during his second premiership.
Shortly after Medvedev took office in 2008, presidential terms were extended from four to six years, effective with the 2012 election.
In 2010, the "Programme for the Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the Period 2000–2010" was abandoned when it was 30% complete.
On September 24, 2011, Medvedev announced that he would recommend the party nominate Putin as its presidential candidate and revealed a prior agreement between them to allow Putin to run for president in 2012.
On 18 November 2011, the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement setting a target of establishing the Eurasian Union by 2015.
Between 2008 and 2011, Putin stabilized the size of Russia's population after a long period of demographic collapse that began in the 1990s, which he considered one of the two main achievements during his second premiership.
In June 2013, Putin attended a televised rally of the All-Russia People's Front where he was elected head of the movement, which was set up in 2011.
On March 4, 2012, Putin won the Russian presidential election in the first round with 63.6% of the vote, despite widespread accusations of vote-rigging and criticism from opposition groups and international observers.
In May 7, 2012 Putin's presidency was inaugurated in the Kremlin. On his first day as president, Putin issued 14 presidential decrees, sometimes called the "May Decrees" by the media, which stated wide-ranging goals for the Russian economy.
In June 2012, during a visit to Paris, Putin rejected French President François Hollande's call for Bashar al-Assad to step down, arguing that anti-regime militants were responsible for much of the bloodshed.
Russia joined the World Trade Organization in August 2012.
Given United Russia's near-total dominance of Russian politics in 2012, many observers believed that Putin was assured of a third term.
In 2012 Medvedev announced that he would recommend the party nominate Putin as its presidential candidate and revealed a prior agreement between them to allow Putin to run for president.
In 2012, Vladimir Putin returned to the presidency of Russia following an election marked by fraud allegations and protests.
In 2012, after Putin resumed the presidency, his rule was characterized as "manual management", where he makes decisions with little regard to consequences, prioritizing financial stability to avoid political destabilization.
In 2012, the Izborsky Club, founded by Alexander Prokhanov, was established which stressed Russian nationalism, restoration of Russia's historical greatness, and opposition to liberal ideas and policies.
Shortly after Medvedev took office in 2008, presidential terms were extended from four to six years, effective with the 2012 election.
In June 2013, Putin attended a televised rally of the All-Russia People's Front where he was elected head of the movement, which was set up in 2011.
On 11 September 2013, Putin published an op-ed in The New York Times urging caution against US intervention in Syria and subsequently helped to arrange for the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons.
According to Sergey Guriyev, 2013 marks the end of the world economic crisis and recovery period.
In 2013, Putin said Russia was one of the five biggest economies in terms of gross domestic product but still lagged behind other countries on indicators such as labour productivity.
In August 2014, following EU and U.S. sanctions against Russian officials as a result of the crisis in Ukraine, Putin's approval rating reached 87%.
In 2014, Putin signed a deal to supply China with 38 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year.
The ongoing financial crisis began in the second half of 2014 when the Russian ruble collapsed due to a decline in the price of oil and international sanctions against Russia, leading to loss of investor confidence and capital flight.
The Eurasian Union was established on 1 January 2015.
In June 2015, Putin's approval rating climbed to 89%, an all-time high.
In 2015, Putin took a stronger pro-Assad stance and mobilized military support for the regime in Syria.
Under the Putin administration from 2000 to 2016, an increase in income in USD terms was 4.5 times.
In 2017, Putin dispatched Russian Private Military Contractors (PMCs) to back the Touadéra regime in the Central African Republic Civil War, gaining a permanent military presence in return.
In a 2017 interview with Oliver Stone, Vladimir Putin stated that he resigned from the KGB in 1991 following the coup against Mikhail Gorbachev.
Putin won the 2018 Russian presidential election with more than 76% of the vote, with his fourth term beginning on May 7, 2018. On the same day, Putin invited Dmitry Medvedev to form a new government.
In 2018, Vladimir Putin was reelected as the President of Russia, further solidifying his position.
In October 2019, Putin visited the United Arab Emirates, where six agreements were struck with Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed, including shared investments between Russian sovereign wealth fund and the Emirati investment fund Mubadala, with deals worth over $1.3 billion in energy, health, and advanced technology sectors.
In 2019, Power of Siberia, which Putin has called the "world's biggest construction project", was launched and is expected to continue for 30 years at an ultimate cost to China of $400bn.
In January 2020, Dmitry Medvedev and his government resigned after Vladimir Putin's Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly, where Putin suggested constitutional amendments that could extend his political power. Medvedev continued to exercise his powers until a new government was formed and was suggested by Putin to take the post of deputy chairman of the Security Council.
In January 2020, Mikhail Mishustin was nominated and confirmed as the new prime minister of Russia, succeeding Dmitry Medvedev. On January 21, 2020, Mishustin presented a draft structure of his Cabinet to Putin, who signed a decree on the structure of the Cabinet and appointed the proposed ministers.
On June 18, 2020, The National Interest published an essay by Putin titled "The Real Lessons of the 75th Anniversary of World War II", where he criticizes the Western historical view of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.
In July 2020, Vladimir Putin signed an executive order to officially insert amendments into the Russian Constitution. On July 4, 2020, these amendments took effect, potentially allowing him to run for two additional six-year terms.
In September 2020, the UAC general director announced that the UAC will receive the largest-ever post-Soviet government support package for the aircraft industry in order to pay and renegotiate the debt.
In 2020, Putin supported efforts to reduce the number of abortions, as opposed to prohibiting them entirely.
In 2020, Putin supported the Russian constitutional referendum, which passed and defined marriage as a relationship between one man and one woman in the Constitution of Russia.
In April 2021, Vladimir Putin signed constitutional amendments into law, allowing him to potentially run for reelection twice more, extending his presidency to 2036.
In May 2021, 33% of Moscow respondents and 40% of respondents outside Moscow indicated Putin when asked "who would you vote for this weekend?".
In July 2021, Vladimir Putin published an essay titled "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians", asserting that Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Russians form one All-Russian nation and denying the existence of Ukraine as an independent nation.
A survey released in October 2021 found that 53% of respondents said they trusted Putin.
In her 2022 book, Anna Borshchevskaya summarizes Putin main foreign policy objectives as originating in his 30 December 1999 document which appeared on the government's website, "Russia at the Turn of the Millenium".
A poll by the independent organization Levada, conducted on 22–28 June 2023, showed that 42% of respondents would vote for Putin in the 2024 presidential election.
A public opinion poll by the state-owned institution VCIOM, which was conducted in November 2023, found that 37.3% of respondents would vote for Putin.
During a speech to the World Russian People's Council on 28 November 2023, Putin urged Russian women to have "seven, eight, or even more children" and said "large families must become the norm, a way of life for all of Russia's people".
By the end of 2023, Putin planned to spend almost 40% of public expenditures on defense and security.
In February 2024, since the 2022 Ukraine invasion, Putin granted an interview to Western journalist Tucker Carlson.
According to a VCIOM poll conducted in early March 2024, 56.2% of respondents would vote for Putin.
In March 2024, Vladimir Putin was reelected to another term as president of Russia.
On 7 May 2024, Vladimir Putin was inaugurated as president of Russia for the fifth time. Analysts believe the replacement of Sergei Shoigu with Andrey Belousov as defense minister signals a shift to a war economy. In May 2024, Russian sources indicated Putin was ready to end the war in Ukraine with a negotiated ceasefire, avoiding further mobilization and war spending.
In September 2024, Vladimir Putin cautioned the West that Russia would contemplate a nuclear response if attacked with conventional weapons, seemingly deviating from its no-first-use policy. Putin further threatened nuclear powers, stating they would be considered participants in aggression if they supported an attack on Russia. Experts suggest Putin's warning aimed to deter the United States, the United Kingdom, and France from allowing Ukraine to use Western-supplied long-range missiles against Russia.
In the 2024 Russian presidential election, Vladimir Putin achieved 88% of the popular vote. There were reports of irregularities at this election, including ballot stuffing and coercion. Russian authorities claimed that in occupied areas of Ukraine's Zaporizhzhia and Kherson regions, Putin won 88.12% and 92.83% of votes. In Chechnya, Putin won 98.99% of the vote.
On 25 May 2018, Putin announced that he would not run for president in 2024, justifying this in compliance with the Russian Constitution.
Vladimir Putin won the 2024 Russian presidential election with 88.48% of the vote. International observers did not consider the election to be either free or fair, with reports of irregularities and unprecedented levels of fraud.
Constitutional amendments passed in April 2021 allowed Vladimir Putin to potentially extend his presidency to 2036.
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