History of Hamas in Timeline
Hamas, short for the Islamic Resistance Movement, is a Palestinian Sunni-Islamist organization that blends political and military action. Its military wing is known as the Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades. Since winning the 2007 Palestinian elections, Hamas has been the governing authority of the Gaza Strip, a territory that remains under Israeli occupation.
June 4, 1967: Hamas considers 1967 borders
On June 4, 1967, the 1967 borders became a significant point of reference for Hamas's evolving policy towards Israel, marking a potential shift towards accepting a Palestinian state based on these lines.
June 1967: Significance of 1967 Borders Reaffirmed
The June 1967 borders were again highlighted in June 2006 when Hamas signed the updated 'Prisoners Document'. This document supported the establishment of a Palestinian state within these borders, reaffirming their importance in potential peace agreements.
1967: 1967 Borders as Interim Solution
Hamas considered a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders as an interim solution, according to warnings issued since 1997.
1967: 1967 Borders in 2017 Charter
Hamas' 2017 charter, by accepting the 1967 borders, opened an interpretation as supporting the conditions for a two-state solution according to Ayoob's 2020 analysis.
1967: Hamas's implicit recognition of Israel
Hamas's acceptance of the 1967 borders is interpreted by some scholars as implicit recognition of Israel, especially given their omission of calls for Israel's destruction from their manifesto.
1967: Six Day War and 1967 Borders
In 1967, The Six-Day War took place which resulted in new internationally recognized borders for Palestinian territory.
1967: 1967 borders as a basis for truce
In 1967, the concept of the 1967 borders emerged as a potential basis for a long-term truce between Hamas and Israel, contingent on the creation of a Palestinian state within these boundaries.
1967: 1967 territories and long-term truce
In 1967, the territories defined by the 1967 lines were central to Hamas's proposal for a long-term truce with Israel, contingent upon their recognition of a Palestinian state within these borders.
1967: 1967 Borders Mentioned Again
In April 2008, the 1967 borders were once again a focal point when Khaled Mashal affirmed Hamas's potential acceptance of a Palestinian state based on these lines. This continued to underscore their importance in any potential resolution to the conflict.
1967: 1967 Borders and Truce Proposal
In mid-2006, the proposal of a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders and a long-term truce emerged, potentially signaling a shift in Hamas' position.
1967: Israeli Occupation of Gaza
The Israeli occupation of Gaza in 1967 marked a turning point in the region's history and influenced the trajectory of Hamas.
1967: Six-Day War and Hamas's Stance
The Six-Day War in 1967 significantly impacted the Palestinian territories and influenced Hamas's initial stance.
1973: Mujama al-Islamiya Founded
In 1973, Ahmed Yassin founded Mujama al-Islamiya, an Islamic charity affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood, which later played a role in the formation of Hamas.
December 1987: Hamas Established
Hamas was officially established in December 1987.
1987: Hamas Founded
Hamas was founded in 1987 by Ahmed Yassin during the First Intifada.
August 1988: Hamas Charter Published
In August 1988, Hamas published its charter, outlining the organization's goals and ideology. The charter declared the establishment of an Islamic state in Palestine and compared Israeli attacks to those of Nazi Germany. It also claimed all of historical Palestine while promising religious coexistence under Islamic rule.
August 1988: Hamas Publishes First Charter
In August 1988, Hamas released its first charter, outlining its goals and ideology. The charter called for the elimination of Israel through struggle against Zionism and armed conflict, and the liberation of Palestine, encompassing the entire British Mandate territory. It envisioned an Islamic Waqf where followers of all religions could coexist peacefully.
August 18, 1988: Hamas Charter Published
On August 18, 1988, Hamas published its charter, outlining its goals and ideology. The charter defined Hamas as an extension of the Muslim Brotherhood and declared its intention to create an Islamic state in Palestine. It compared Israeli actions against civilians to those of Nazi Germany and asserted a claim to all of historical Palestine, while promising religious coexistence under Islamic rule. The charter also rejected a two-state solution and advocated for achieving its aims through jihad.
1988: Hamas Charter Interpreted
Following the release of the Hamas charter in 1988, several authors interpreted it as a call for armed struggle against Israel.
1988: Ahmed Yassin on Hamas and Jews
In 1988, Ahmed Yassin, founder of Hamas, responded to accusations of hating Jews.
1988: Hamas's call for Israel's annihilation
In 1988, Hamas called for the annihilation of Israel as part of its goal to create a pan-Islamic empire.
1988: Scholarly Comparison of Hamas and Likud Platforms
In 1988, scholars noted that both the Hamas charter and the Likud party platform sought complete control over the land, thereby rejecting the two-state solution.
1988: Debate over 1988 Charter
Starting in March 2006, following the publication of Hamas's government program, there has been ongoing debate regarding the relevance of their original 1988 charter. Some argue that the charter is obsolete, while others maintain that it still reflects Hamas's true goals.
1988: Hamas Covenant Published
The Hamas Covenant, outlining the organization's ideology and goals, was published in 1988.
1988: Original Hamas Charter
The original Hamas charter was published in 1988.
1989: Campaign for Polygamy and Women's Segregation
During the First Intifada in 1989, some Hamas followers campaigned for polygamy and women's segregation, leading to harassment of women who didn't wear the hijab.
1989: Hamas Engages in Armed Conflict
Starting in the spring of 1989, Hamas began engaging in armed conflict with the Israeli army as part of the First Intifada. This marked a significant escalation in the Palestinian resistance against Israeli occupation.
1990: Palestinian Exodus from Kuwait
The Palestinian exodus from Kuwait occurred in 1990-91, a consequence of Arafat's support for Saddam during the First Gulf War. This strained the relationship between Fatah and Kuwait, while Hamas maintained a policy of non-interference in Arab countries' internal affairs.
1991: Gaza Economy Declines During First Intifada and Gulf War
In 1991, during the first five years of the First Intifada and coinciding with the Gulf War, the Gaza economy experienced a significant decline due to Israel closing its labor market to Gazans and remittances from Palestinian expatriates drying up.
1992: Holy Land Foundation Funding to Hamas
Between 1992 and 2001, the Holy Land Foundation, later shut down for alleged ties to Hamas, reportedly provided $6.8 million to Palestinian charities out of the $57 million it collected.
1992: Gaza Economy Declines During First Intifada and Gulf War
In 1992, continuing from the previous year, the Gaza economy continued its decline which started during the first five years of the First Intifada and coinciding with the Gulf War. The decline was due to Israel closing its labor market to Gazans and remittances from Palestinian expatriates drying up.
November 24, 1993: Death of Emad Akel
Emad Akel was killed on November 24, 1993.
1993: Hamas Leaders Interpret New World Order
At the 1993 Philadelphia conference, Hamas leaders interpreted George H.W. Bush's concept of a "New World Order" as a veiled attempt to undermine Islam, leading them to prioritize funding for strengthening the Islamic foundations of Palestinian society and promoting jihad, encompassing both armed struggle and social justice, within the occupied territories.
1995: US designates Hamas as terrorist group
The United States designated Hamas as a terrorist organization in 1995.
January 5, 1996: Death of Yahya Ayyash
On January 5, 1996, Yahya Ayyash, a prominent Hamas bomb-maker, was assassinated.
1997: Warnings about Hamas' Long-Term Goals
Starting in 1997, authors and scientists like Tibi warned about Hamas's long-term goal of reclaiming all of historic Palestine, despite their rhetoric about truces.
2000: Start of Hamas Attacks
Between 2000 and 2004, Hamas began attacking Israeli targets.
2000: Hamas Controls Significant Portion of Social Institutions
By 2000, Hamas and its affiliated charities operated approximately 40% of the social institutions in the West Bank and Gaza.
2000: Saudi Arabia Funds Hamas
Hamas enjoyed close relations with Saudi Arabia, which funded most of its operations from 2000 to 2004.
2000: Explanation of Hamas' Stance towards Jews
In 2000, a representative of Hamas explained their position, stating that their fight isn't against Jews as a religious group, but rather against those who dispossess Palestinians of their homes and land, regardless of their faith. They emphasized a desire for peace and acknowledged past coexistence with Jews holding government positions, but asserted the right to fight for their land.
2001: Holy Land Foundation Shut Down for Alleged Hamas Funding
By 2001, the Holy Land Foundation was alleged to have provided $13 million to Hamas and was subsequently shut down by authorities.
2001: Beginning of Rocket Attacks
Hamas and other Palestinian groups have launched thousands of rockets into Israel since 2001, resulting in civilian casualties and an ongoing threat.
2001: Start of Rocket and Mortar Attacks
Hamas started launching Qassam rockets and mortar attacks into Israel in 2001.
2001: EU designates Hamas' military wing as terrorist group
In 2001, the European Union designated Hamas's military wing as a terrorist organization.
March 27, 2002: Passover Massacre
On March 27, 2002, Hamas carried out a suicide bombing at a Netanya hotel during Passover, killing 30 people and injuring 140.
July 23, 2002: Death of Salah Shehade
Salah Shehade, a Hamas leader, was killed on July 23, 2002.
September 2002: Al-Fateh Magazine Launch
Al-Fateh, a children's magazine published by Hamas, started publication in September 2002.
November 2002: Canada designates Hamas as terrorist group
In November 2002, Canada designated Hamas as a terrorist organization.
2002: Women's Participation in Jihad Permitted
Hamas permitted women's participation in jihad in 2002, although their primary role remained defined as childbearing and rearing.
2002: Human Rights Watch Report on Hamas
In 2002, Human Rights Watch issued a report stating that Hamas leaders should be held accountable for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by the al-Qassam Brigades.
March 8, 2003: Death of Ibrahim al-Makadmeh
On March 8, 2003, Ibrahim al-Makadmeh, a Hamas leader, was killed.
August 21, 2003: Death of Ismail Abu Shanab
On August 21, 2003, Ismail Abu Shanab was killed.
2003: Resumption of Suicide Bombings
In 2003, Hamas resumed suicide bombings in Israel, which are considered crimes against humanity under international law.
2003: EU designates Hamas as terrorist group
In 2003, the European Union designated Hamas as a terrorist organization under US pressure.
March 22, 2004: Death of Ahmed Yassin
Ahmed Yassin, a co-founder and leader of Hamas, was assassinated on March 22, 2004.
April 17, 2004: Death of Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi
Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi, a Hamas leader, was killed on April 17, 2004.
2004: End of Hamas Attacks Period
By 2004, Hamas attacks had resulted in nearly 400 Israeli deaths and more than 2,000 injuries, according to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
2004: Khaled Mashal as Hamas Leader
By April 2008, Khaled Mashal had become the recognized leader of Hamas, having assumed the position in 2004. His meeting with Jimmy Carter that year highlighted his role in shaping the organization's direction.
2004: Saudi Arabia Reduces Support for Hamas
In 2004, Saudi Arabia reduced its financial support for Hamas due to US pressure.
2004: Hamas Funding Sources Revealed
In 2004, seized documents revealed Hamas's funding sources, showing limited Israeli-Palestinian contributions and a larger reliance on entities located in various countries, including Jordan, Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and European nations.
2004: Saudi Arabia Begins to Cut Funding to Hamas
In 2004, under pressure from the United States, Saudi Arabia started to reduce its financial support to Hamas by implementing stricter regulations on Islamic charities and private donations.
2004: Contextualizing Hamas' Truce Offers
In June 2006, following Ismail Haniyeh's proposal of a long-term truce, Hamas's former senior advisor Ahmed Yousef clarified the meaning of a "hudna" (truce). He emphasized that it's more than just a ceasefire and should be used to pursue a permanent, peaceful resolution. This statement provided further context to earlier truce offers by figures like Sheikh Ahmed Yassin before his death in 2004.
2005: Music-and-Dance Performance Banned
A music and dance performance in Qalqiliya was banned by the Hamas-led municipality in 2005, deemed "haram" (forbidden by Islam).
2005: Hamas Supports Thousands with Financial Aid
By 2005, Hamas and other Islamic charities provided monthly financial support to 120,000 individuals in Gaza, primarily through contributions and social programs.
2005: Cairo Declaration
Hamas signed the Cairo Declaration in 2005, emphasizing ending the Israeli occupation and establishing a Palestinian state.
2005: Hamas Signs Palestinian Cairo Declaration
Hamas signed the Palestinian Cairo Declaration in 2005, reaffirming the Palestinian right to resist occupation and advocating for a Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital. The declaration sought reconciliation among Palestinian factions but didn't detail specific approaches towards Israel.
2005: Hamas-Fatah Agreements
In 2005, Hamas and Fatah signed agreements regarding the future of Palestine.
2005: Fears of Music Censorship
In 2005, after Hamas' political gains in local elections, Palestinian musicians expressed concerns about potential bans on music and concerts.
January 9, 2006: Al-Aqsa TV Launch
Al-Aqsa TV, a television channel founded by Hamas, commenced broadcasting in the Gaza Strip on January 9, 2006.
January 2006: Hamas's offer of truce
Following their legislative election win in January 2006, Hamas offered a long-term truce and the establishment of a border on the 1967 lines, but received no response.
January 2006: Hamas Wins Palestinian Election
Hamas won a majority of seats in the Palestinian Parliament in the January 2006 legislative election.
March 2006: Hamas Publishes Government Program
Following their victory in the 2006 Palestinian legislative elections, Hamas released their government program in March 2006. This program claimed sovereignty over the Palestinian territories but, notably, didn't reiterate the claim to all of mandatory Palestine. Instead, it expressed willingness to engage with Israel on practical matters like trade and healthcare, and deferred the question of recognizing Israel to the Palestinian people.
April 2006: Hamas Diplomatic Tours
After winning the Palestinian elections, Hamas leaders embarked on diplomatic tours. In April 2006, Mahmoud al-Zahar visited several countries, including Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Egypt, to discuss issues related to Palestinians.
June 2006: Haniyeh Communicates with George W. Bush
In June 2006, Ismail Haniyeh, a senior Hamas political leader and then Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority, sent a letter to US President George W. Bush proposing a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders and a long-term truce. He also sought dialogue with the US. Neither the US nor Israel responded.
June 2006: Hamas Signs Second Version of Prisoners Document
On June 28, 2006, Hamas signed an updated "Prisoners Document" that supported a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders, recognizing the PLO's authority in negotiations with Israel. The document implicitly acknowledged the 1967 borders and suggested limitations to resistance within those territories.
June 2006: Hamas MP Clarifies Stance on Israel
On June 6, 2006, Hamas MP Riad Mustafa clarified the organization's stance, stating that Hamas would not recognize Israel. However, he added that they would respect the outcome of a Palestinian referendum if it endorsed a peace agreement that included recognition.
August 2006: Haniyeh Expresses Acceptance of 1967 Borders
In August 2006, Ismail Haniyeh stated Hamas had "no problem" with a sovereign Palestinian state within the 1967 borders, coexisting peacefully with Israel. This statement further emphasized Hamas's willingness to consider a two-state solution based on these borders.
2006: Hamas's Electoral Victory and Shift in Funding Sources
Following Hamas's victory in the 2006 Palestinian elections, Iran and Syria increased their financial backing to compensate for the reduction in Saudi funding. The EU suspended its aid to the Palestinian Authority after the election results.
2006: Hamas violence against Palestinians
Following the 2006 conflict with Israel, Hamas was accused of executing, torturing, and maiming hundreds of Palestinians suspected of collaborating with Israel, including breaking the limbs of 73 men.
2006: Hamas' Public Concessions
Hamas made public concessions following the 2006 elections, which were later characterized as superficial.
2006: Hamas' Rhetoric Shift
Hamas shifted its rhetoric around 2006, speaking of long-term truces and coexisting with Israel.
2006: Palestinian Legislative Election
Hamas won the 2006 Palestinian legislative election with 44.45% of the vote, becoming the largest party in the Legislative Council.
2006: Hamas-Fatah Agreements
In 2006, Hamas and Fatah signed further agreements.
2006: Hamas Participation in Palestinian Elections
In 2006, Hamas participated in the Palestinian Territories parliamentary election campaign, stating in its manifesto a willingness to use "armed resistance to end the occupation."
2006: Palestinian Prisoners' Document
In 2006, Hamas signed the Palestinian Prisoners' Document, supporting a Palestinian state along the 1967 borders and recognizing the Palestinian National Authority's negotiating authority.
2006: Hamas Wins Election
In 2006, Hamas won a majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council.
2006: Segal's Interpretation of Hamas' Position
In mid-2006, Jerome Segal suggested that a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders and a long-term truce could be viewed as Hamas' de facto recognition of Israel.
January 2007: Hamas as Dominant Political Force
As of January 2007, Hamas was widely considered the dominant political force in the Palestinian territories.
February 2007: Hamas Signs Fatah-Hamas Mecca Agreement
In February 2007, Hamas and Fatah signed the Mecca Agreement emphasizing Palestinian unity against occupation and revitalizing the PLO. However, the agreement lacked specifics on dealing with Israel. Mousa Abu Marzook, a Hamas leader, clarified their stance as acknowledging Israel's existence as a reality but not recognizing it as a state.
June 2007: Hamas Takes Control of Gaza
Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip in June 2007 after clashes with Fatah.
September 2007: Al-Fateh's 108th Issue
In September 2007, the 108th issue of Al-Fateh, Hamas's children's magazine, was released.
October 2007: Dismissal of Hamas Advisers
Hamas advisers Ahmed Yousef and Ghazi Hamad, who promoted the Turkish model of Islamic government and distanced Hamas from the Taliban, were dismissed from their posts in October 2007.
2007: Attempts to Impose Islamic Dress
After taking control of Gaza in 2007, some Hamas members attempted to impose Islamic dress on women, although there were no official government laws and some resistance to these attempts.
2007: Hamas Operatives Losses
By 2007, Hamas's military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, is estimated to have lost approximately 800 operatives in clashes with Israeli forces.
2007: Hamas Social Activities Restricted to Gaza
Following a PLO crackdown in 2007, Hamas's social activities were confined to the Gaza Strip.
2007: Hamas-Fatah Agreements
In 2007, Hamas and Fatah signed another set of agreements.
2007: Hamas takes control of Gaza Strip
In 2007, Hamas seized control of the Gaza Strip from its rival Palestinian faction, Fatah, after winning the 2006 Palestinian legislative election.
2007: Chehab's View on Hamas' Concessions
In 2007, Zaki Chehab wrote that Hamas' public concessions after the 2006 elections were merely "window-dressing" and that the organization would never recognize Israel.
2007: Hamas's respect for Oslo Accords
In 2007, through the Mecca Agreement, Hamas met two of the three Quartet stipulations, indirectly respecting the Oslo Accords and, by extension, Israel's existence, without explicit recognition.
2007: Hamas Provides Stipends and Grants with Iranian Funding
In 2007, with financial support from Iran, Hamas distributed monthly stipends to workers and fishermen in Gaza, and provided grants to detainees and their families.
April 2008: Khaled Mashal Meets with Jimmy Carter
In April 2008, Hamas leader Khaled Mashal met with former US President Jimmy Carter. Mashal reiterated Hamas's willingness to accept a Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders and acknowledge Israel's right to exist if approved by a Palestinian referendum. However, he didn't offer a unilateral ceasefire. The US and Israel largely ignored this overture.
May 2008: Hamas Rocket and Mortar Attacks
By May 2008, Hamas had launched over 3,000 Qassam rockets and 2,500 mortar attacks into Israel since 2001.
June 2008: Ceasefire Between Hamas and Israel
A ceasefire between Hamas and Israel was brokered by Egypt in June 2008.
June 2008: Hamas and Israel agree to ceasefire
In June 2008, Hamas and Israel reached a six-month ceasefire agreement.
June 19, 2008: Ceasefire and Resumption of Attacks
Following a ceasefire on June 19, 2008, the al-Qassam Brigades halted rocket attacks but resumed them after an Israeli incursion into Gaza on November 4.
July 2008: Obama's stance on rocket attacks
In July 2008, Barack Obama, then a presidential candidate, stated that he would take all necessary measures to stop rocket attacks if they targeted his home, echoing Israel's right to defend itself.
November 2008: Hamas reaffirms willingness to accept 1967 borders
In November 2008, Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh reiterated the group's acceptance of a Palestinian state within the 1967 territories and offered a long-term truce in exchange for recognition of Palestinian rights.
November 2008: Hamas official proposes truce with conditions
In November 2008, Ismail Haniyeh offered Israel a long-term truce if it recognized Palestinian national rights and accepted a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders.
December 2008: Israel Attacks Gaza
Israel launched an attack on Gaza in late December 2008.
December 28, 2008: US Condemnation of Rocket Attacks
On December 28, 2008, then-Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice issued a statement strongly condemning Hamas's repeated rocket and mortar attacks against Israel.
2008: Hamas's concept of hudna
In 2008, Mkhaimer Abusada wrote that Hamas focused on 'hudna' (temporary ceasefire) rather than peace or reconciliation, aiming to liberate all of historic Palestine over time.
2008: Strengthened Hamas-Qatar Relations
The relationship between Hamas and Qatar was strengthened in 2008 when Khaled Meshaal was invited to the Doha Summit.
January 2009: Reduction in Rocket Attacks
Following Operation Cast Lead, Hamas largely ceased rocket attacks on Israel from January 2009.
January 2009: Goldberg on Hamas and Non-Aggression Treaty
In January 2009, Jeffrey Goldberg discussed the possibility of Hamas entering a long-term non-aggression treaty with Israel, noting the potential for changing beliefs within Hamas but also skepticism.
January 2009: Israel Withdraws from Gaza
Israel withdrew its forces from Gaza in mid-January 2009.
March 2, 2009: US Condemnation of Rocket Attacks
On March 2, 2009, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton condemned Hamas' rocket attacks against Israel.
August 2009: Mosque Attack
On August 14, 2009, Hamas fighters attacked the mosque of extremist cleric Abdel-Latif Moussa, resulting in a battle that left at least 13 people dead, including Moussa and six Hamas fighters, and 120 injured.
September 2009: Hamas leader reiterates acceptance of 1967 borders
In September 2009, Ismail Haniyeh affirmed Hamas's willingness to accept an independent Palestinian state within the 1967 borders, with Jerusalem as its capital.
2009: Qatar Pledges Aid to Gaza
In 2009, at the Doha Summit, Qatar pledged $250 million to repair damages in Gaza caused by the Israeli war. Qatar became a major player in the Palestinian issue, criticizing Gaza's blockade and providing support to Hamas.
2009: Sanctions on Iran Impact Hamas Funding
In 2009, sanctions imposed on Iran created difficulties for Hamas's funding, leading them to rely more on religious donations from individuals in the West Bank, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia.
2009: Hamas' Position on Israel
In 2009, the New York Times reported on Hamas' position: while not recognizing Israel's right to exist, they were open to a Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders.
February 2010: Hamas Statement on Rocket Attacks
In February 2010, Hamas expressed regret for harm to Israeli civilians from rocket attacks during the Gaza war, claiming they targeted military sites but lacked accuracy.
May 2010: Hamas leader states conditions for two-state solution
In May 2010, Khaled Mashal indicated Hamas's acceptance of a Palestinian state alongside Israel within the 1967 borders, contingent on a referendum among Palestinians.
November 2010: Hamas leader adds conditions for 1967 borders acceptance
In November 2010, Ismail Haniyeh proposed a Palestinian state on the 1967 borders with conditions that included resolving refugee issues, prisoner releases, Jerusalem as its capital, and Palestinian referendum approval.
December 1, 2010: Hamas leader repeats conditions for two-state solution
On December 1, 2010, Ismail Haniyeh reiterated Hamas's acceptance of a Palestinian state on the 1967 borders with conditions regarding refugees, prisoners, Jerusalem, and a referendum.
May 2011: Hamas and Fatah sign unity agreement
Hamas and Fatah signed an agreement in May 2011 to form a national unity government.
2011: Hamas Budget and Funding Sources
By 2011, Hamas's budget, estimated at $70 million, primarily originated from foreign sources (85%). While some funding came from within Palestine, a majority came from entities in countries like Jordan, Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and European nations. These funds were ostensibly for Hamas's charitable activities, but also supported its ideology.
2011: Hamas, Iran, and Syria Relations
In 2011, Hamas received financial and military support from Iran. However, relations between Hamas, Iran, and Syria deteriorated due to Hamas's refusal to support the Assad regime in Syria, leading to funding cuts and expulsion of Hamas members from Lebanon and Syria.
2011: Hamas's de facto recognition of Israel
In 2011, Moussa Abu Marzouk explained Hamas's stance as 'de facto recognition' of Israel, acknowledging its existence as a fait accompli while stopping short of formal state recognition.
February 2012: Hamas and Fatah agree to interim government
In February 2012, Hamas and Fatah signed the Doha Agreement, aiming to establish an interim national consensus government.
February 2012: Hamas reportedly forswears violence; temporary ceasefire
In February 2012, Hamas reportedly renounced violence against Israel, leading to a brief period without conflict, although violence later resumed.
November 2012: Public Executions in Gaza
In November 2012, Hamas's Izzedine al-Qassam brigade publicly executed six Gaza residents accused of collaborating with Israel. The executions were carried out by shooting, with one body being dragged through the streets.
2012: Hamas and Egypt Relations
From 2012 to 2013, Hamas had the support of Egypt under President Morsi.
2012: Peak of Iranian Funding to Hamas
Hamas received $150 million in funding from Iran in 2012, representing the highest point of Iranian financial support.
2012: Turkey's Support for Hamas
In 2012, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan publicly expressed support for Hamas, stating that he did not consider them a terrorist organization but rather a political party. Turkey has become a key ally for Hamas, providing financial assistance and political support.
2012: Hamas' status in the Arab and Muslim World
In 2012, journalist Tobias Buck observed that while Hamas is listed as a terrorist organization by several countries, it was no longer treated as a pariah in the Arab and Muslim world, with its emissaries welcomed in various capitals. Some governments and academics considered Hamas a complex organization with terrorism as just one component.
2013: Egyptian Coup Impacts Hamas Finances
After the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Hamas faced financial difficulties and attempted to shift the responsibility for public works in Gaza to the Palestinian National Authority.
2013: Human Rights Watch Condemnation and Hamas Deadline
In 2013, Human Rights Watch condemned Hamas for the lack of investigation and due process in the execution of six alleged collaborators with Israel. Hamas subsequently issued a deadline for collaborators to surrender, threatening to pursue them "without mercy".
2013: Shift in Egyptian Support
In 2013, after Morsi's removal, Egypt's support for Hamas shifted, leading to the outlawing of the Muslim Brotherhood and the destruction of Hamas tunnels into Egypt.
2013: UNRWA Marathon Cancelled
The UNRWA marathon in Gaza was cancelled in 2013 after Hamas prohibited women from participating.
July 2014: Declining Public Opinion of Hamas
In July 2014, public opinion of Hamas declined significantly in several countries. Surveys showed negative views from majorities in Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, Turkey, Bangladesh, and Indonesia. Israeli Arabs also held largely negative views.
August 2014: Surge in Hamas Popularity
Following the July-August 2014 war with Israel, Hamas experienced a surge in popularity among Palestinians, with a majority believing the group had "won" the conflict.
2014: 2014 Gaza Conflict Rocket Attacks
During the 2014 Gaza conflict, Hamas launched between 2,500 and 3,000 rockets and mortars at Israel, targeting towns and a kibbutz, resulting in the death of an Israeli child. Hamas also claimed to have aimed rockets at strategic targets, including the Dimona nuclear reactor, chemical plants in Haifa, and Ben-Gurion Airport.
2014: Executions During 2014 Conflict
During the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict, Hamas executed at least 23 alleged collaborators following the assassination of three of its commanders by Israeli forces. Amnesty International also reported instances of torture by Hamas.
2014: Palestinian Deaths During 2014 Conflict
During the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas alleged that Hamas killed over 120 Palestinian youths for defying house arrest and executed 30-40 others accused of collaborating with Israel. An Israeli Shin Bet official claimed none of those executed provided intelligence to Israel.
March 2015: Qatar Supports Hamas, Hamas Supports Saudi Intervention
In March 2015, Qatar defended its aid to Palestine, stating it was for the people, not Hamas, though acknowledging Hamas's control. Hamas supported the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen, creating a complex regional dynamic. Israel, under Netanyahu, supported Qatar's payments to Hamas, hoping to counter the Palestinian Authority.
2015: Egypt Declares Hamas a Terrorist Organization
Egypt declared Hamas a terrorist organization in 2015, a decision later overturned in June of the same year.
March 2016: Hamas Delegation Visits Cairo
In March 2016, a Hamas delegation visited Cairo, marking a rapprochement between Hamas and Egypt. Hamas assisted Egypt in controlling the Sinai insurgency, but tensions arose over Egypt's request to deploy Hamas militants in Sinai.
May 6, 2017: Ismail Haniyeh Elected Hamas Leader
On May 6, 2017, Hamas's Shura Council elected Ismail Haniyeh as the new leader, replacing Khaled Mashal.
May 2017: New Hamas Charter
In May 2017, Hamas presented a new charter accepting the establishment of a Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders, yet without recognizing Israel.
May 2017: Hamas presents new charter, clarifies stance on Israel
In May 2017, Hamas presented a new charter, accepting the possibility of a Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders but refusing to recognize Israel's statehood or abandon its goal of liberating all of Palestine.
May 2017: Hamas Unveils Revised Charter
In May 2017, Hamas released a revised charter titled "A Document of General Principles and Policies." This document accepted a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders, without recognizing Israel. It also stated that Hamas's struggle is against Zionism, not the Jewish people, and asserted that armed resistance to occupation is legal under international law. Hamas presented these changes as adaptations to the current context rather than an abandonment of its core principles.
July 2017: EU court upholds Hamas terrorist designation
In July 2017, the European Court of Justice upheld the European Union's designation of Hamas as a terrorist organization.
2017: Egypt Mediates between Hamas and Fatah
In 2017, Egypt mediated between Hamas and Fatah. Yahya Sinwar's visit to Cairo resulted in the opening of the Rafah crossing and the 2017 Fatah-Hamas Agreement.
2017: Analysis of Hamas's 2017 Charter
In 2017, Hamas's revised charter rejected the notion that its struggle was against Jews simply for being Jewish, emphasizing the conflict as being with the Zionist project. However, some sources considered this condemnation of Zionism to be antisemitic. The charter characterized Zionism as a threat to all Muslims and global security, a claim deemed by author J.S. Spoerl in 2020 as insufficient to refute accusations of anti-Semitism.
May 2018: Turkey Defends Hamas, Tensions with Israel Rise
In May 2018, amidst conflicts between Israeli forces and Palestinian protestors in Gaza, Turkey's President Erdoğan defended Hamas as a resistance movement, not a terrorist group. Israel accused a Turkish company with government ties of funding Hamas.
2018: Hamas' view of ceasefire
Around 2018, a Hamas finance minister equated a long-term ceasefire with a two-state settlement, indicating a possible shift in the group's perspective.
2018: Hamas finance minister links ceasefire with two-state settlement
Around 2018, a Hamas finance minister suggested that a long-term ceasefire (hudna) is equivalent to a two-state settlement.
2018: UN Motion to Condemn Hamas Rejected
In 2018, a United Nations motion to condemn Hamas was rejected.
2018: Criticism of 1988 Charter
In 2018, the 1988 Hamas charter was criticized for its violent language against Jews, which some characterized as genocidal and antisemitic.
February 2020: Hamas Leader Meets Turkish President
Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh met with Turkish President Erdoğan in February 2020.
2020: Concerns about Hamas's long-term goals
Around 2020, several authors expressed concern that Hamas would retain its objective of a single state in Mandatory Palestine even if Israel accepted a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders and a long-term truce.
2020: Continued Warnings about Hamas
Authors like N.Faeq and D.Jahnata continued to warn about Hamas's intentions in 2020.
2020: Haniyeh reaffirms Hamas principle on Palestine
In 2020, Ismail Haniyeh stated that Hamas's principle includes "Palestine from the sea to the river."
2020: Ayoob on 2017 Hamas Charter
In 2020, Mohammed Ayoob discussed the 2017 Hamas charter, stating that the acceptance of the 1967 borders could be seen as de facto acceptance of a two-state solution.
2020: J.S. Spoerl's Critique of Hamas Charter
In 2020, author J.S. Spoerl analyzed the 2017 Hamas charter and concluded that its framing of Zionism as an enemy of Muslims and a threat to international security didn't convincingly disavow anti-Semitism.
2020: Arrest of Hamas Members in Saudi Arabia
In 2020, many Hamas members were arrested in Saudi Arabia, signifying strained relations.
May 2021: Organization of American States designates Hamas as terrorist group
In May 2021, the Organization of American States designated Hamas as a terrorist organization.
November 2021: UK designates Hamas as terrorist group
In November 2021, the United Kingdom designated Hamas as a terrorist organization.
2021: Palestinian Public Opinion on Hamas
A 2021 poll showed 53% of Palestinians believed Hamas was most deserving of leading them, while only 14% favored Fatah. However, a majority of Gazans also considered Hamas corrupt, but feared criticizing the group.
2021: Hamas holds conference on future Palestine
In 2021, Hamas organized a conference discussing post-Israel takeover governance, including plans for Israeli fighters and civilians.
2021: Alsoos' Warning about Hamas
In 2021, I. Alsoos joined the chorus of warnings about Hamas's ultimate goals regarding historic Palestine.
2022: Release of Hamas Members in Saudi Arabia
In 2022, Saudi Arabia started releasing Hamas members from prison.
2022: Sinwar warns Israel of future Hamas actions
In 2022, Yahya Sinwar threatened Israel with future Hamas actions to "uproot" its regime.
April 2023: Ismail Haniyeh Visits Riyadh
Ismail Haniyeh's visit to Riyadh in April 2023 signaled improving relations between Hamas and Saudi Arabia.
July 2023: Haniyeh Meets Erdoğan and Abbas
In July 2023, Ismail Haniyeh met with Turkish President Erdoğan and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas as part of Turkey's reconciliation efforts between Fatah and Hamas.
September 2023: Palestinian Public Opinion on Hamas
In September 2023, polls indicated that support for Hamas among Palestinians stood at 27-31%.
October 7, 2023: Hamas Attack on Israel
On October 7, 2023, Hamas and other Palestinian militants launched a large-scale attack on Israel.
October 2023: Accusations of Genocide
After the start of the 2023 war, the European Parliament passed a motion stating the need for Hamas to be eliminated. US President Biden expressed similar views. 240 legal experts accused Hamas of genocide against Israelis on October 7, 2023.
October 2023: 2023 Hamas Attack on Israel
During the October 2023 attack on Israel, Hamas infiltrated Israeli territory, killed civilians, and took hostages. These acts, including the massacres at the Re'im music festival and Kfar Aza kibbutz, have been labeled as war crimes.
October 2023: Hamas attack on Israel and subsequent retaliation
On October 7, 2023, Hamas and associated groups launched an attack on Israel, resulting in numerous civilian and security personnel casualties. Israel retaliated with warfare in Gaza, causing significant damage and casualties.
November 2023: Shifting Public Opinion Post-War
Following the October 2023 attack and subsequent war, Hamas saw its popularity decrease in Gaza, but rise in the West Bank. A poll conducted in November 2023 showed support for the attack at 50% among Gazans. Another poll conducted during this time revealed that 40% of Saudi participants held a positive view of Hamas.
November 2023: Haniyeh suggests willingness for two-state solution negotiations
In November 2023, Haniyeh suggested Hamas was open to negotiating a two-state solution.
November 2023: Haniyeh proposes negotiations for two-state solution
On November 1, 2023, Ismail Haniyeh stated Hamas's readiness for political negotiations towards a two-state solution, contingent on a ceasefire, humanitarian corridors, and aid to Gaza. He also praised support for Palestine from movements in other countries.
December 6, 2023: Polling on Hamas's Image
A poll conducted by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, concluded on December 6, 2023, revealed insights into regional perceptions of Hamas.
2023: Allegations of Hamas Investment Portfolio
As of 2023, U.S. officials estimated Hamas holds an investment portfolio worth between $500 million and $1 billion in various countries, though Hamas denies this.
2023: Netanyahu's Policy Towards Hamas
Benjamin Netanyahu's policy of empowering Hamas in Gaza, which was criticized for undermining the two-state solution and weakening the Palestinian Authority, came under scrutiny after the 2023 Israel–Hamas war. Critics, including former Israeli officials, Saudi Arabia, and the Palestinian Authority, argued that this policy backfired.
2023: IDF Intelligence on Hamas Military Strength
During the 2023 Gaza war, the IDF released intelligence estimating the Qassam Brigades' strength in Gaza at 30,000 fighters, organized into five brigades, comprising 24 battalions and around 140 companies.
2023: Hamas-led attack on Israel
On October 7, 2023, Hamas led an attack on Israel.
January 2024: Mashal reiterates Hamas' stance on two-state solution and Palestine
In January 2024, Khaled Mashal reiterated Hamas's acceptance of a state on the 1967 borders with conditions but emphasized that Hamas would not recognize Israel's legitimacy or give up its goal of liberating all of Palestine.
January 2024: Mashal clarifies Hamas' position on two-state solution and Palestine
In January 2024, Mashal clarified Hamas' position, stating that a two-state solution limited to the 1967 borders was unacceptable and that Hamas still aimed for all of Palestine but would accept a state on the 1967 borders with conditions, without recognizing Israel's legitimacy.
April 2024: Hamas MP offers significant concession for truce and political transformation
In April 2024, Khalil al-Hayya stated Hamas's willingness to agree to a long-term truce with Israel and transition into a political party if an independent Palestinian state is established along pre-1967 borders.
