Emmanuel Macron has been the President of France since 2017 and is also a Co-Prince of Andorra. Before his presidency, he served as the Minister of Economics, Industry and Digital Affairs and as Deputy Secretary-General under President François Hollande. He co-founded the centrist political party, Renaissance.
1924: Birth of Henry Hermand
Henry Hermand, who later became a significant figure in Emmanuel Macron's life, was born in 1924. Hermand loaned Macron €550,000 for his first apartment and supported his movement En Marche.
1958: Establishment of the Fifth Republic
The Fifth Republic of France was established in 1958, marking a significant turning point in French history. This event led to a new constitution and a shift in the country's political landscape.
1969: Pompidou's Low Voter Turnout
The 1969 French presidential election, which saw Georges Pompidou elected, was marked by a significantly low voter turnout of 37.5%, the lowest recorded since that time.
December 1977: Exemption from National Service
Because he was born in December 1977, Emmanuel Macron belonged to the last cohort for whom military service was mandatory, but he did not perform national service as he was pursuing his graduate studies.
December 1977: Birth of Emmanuel Macron
Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron was born on December 21, 1977.
December 1977: Birth of Emmanuel Macron
Emmanuel Macron was born in December 1977 in Amiens.
1979: Birth of Emmanuel Macron's brother, Laurent
Emmanuel Macron's brother, Laurent, was born in 1979.
1982: Birth of Emmanuel Macron's sister, Estelle
Emmanuel Macron's sister, Estelle, was born in 1982.
1991: Édith Cresson as First Female Prime Minister
Édith Cresson made history in 1991 when she became the first woman to serve as Prime Minister of France, holding the office until 1992.
1992: Previous Slim No-Confidence Vote Margin
In 1992, a no-confidence vote resulted in a close margin, similar to the one faced by Macron's government in 2023.
1992: End of Cresson's Term
Édith Cresson's tenure as the first female Prime Minister of France came to an end in 1992.
1993: Formation of France's first minority government since 1993
The 2022 legislative election resulted in the formation of France's first minority government since the fall of the Bérégovoy government in 1993.
1995: Jacques Chirac's Popularity Drop
In 1995, French President Jacques Chirac experienced the largest decline in approval rating at the beginning of a presidential term since that point in time.
1996: Posted Workers Directive
The Posted Workers Directive, adopted by the European Union in 1996, established rules for the temporary posting of workers from one EU member state to another. This directive aimed to regulate the conditions of employment and ensure fair competition within the EU single market.
1999: Editorial Assistant to Paul Ricoeur
Around 1999, Emmanuel Macron worked as an editorial assistant to Paul Ricoeur, the French Protestant philosopher.
2001: Previous Significant Unemployment Rate Drop
Prior to October 2017, the most significant drop in France's unemployment rate occurred in 2001. This suggests that the 2017 drop, following labor code reforms, was a notable economic achievement.
2002: Last French presidential candidate to win reelection before Macron
Jacques Chirac was the last French presidential candidate to win reelection before Macron, defeating Jean-Marie Le Pen in 2002.
2002: Macron voted for Jean-Pierre Chevènement
In the 2002 French presidential election, Emmanuel Macron cast his vote for souverainist Jean-Pierre Chevènement. This marked an early involvement in political decision-making.
2002: Chirac's Victory Against Le Pen
In 2002, Jacques Chirac successfully defeated Jean-Marie Le Pen in the French presidential election, marking a significant moment in French politics.
May 2003: Joan Enric Vives i Sicília appointed as Bishop of Urgell
On 12 May 2003, Joan Enric Vives i Sicília was appointed as the Bishop of Urgell. He serves as co-prince of Andorra alongside the president of France, a position later occupied by Emmanuel Macron.
2004: Inspector in the Inspection générale des finances
After graduating from ENA in 2004, Macron became an Inspector in the Inspection générale des finances (IGF), a branch of the Finance Ministry.
2004: Graduation from École nationale d'administration
Emmanuel Macron graduated from the École nationale d'administration (ENA) in 2004.
2004: Graduation from École nationale d'administration
Emmanuel Macron graduated from the École nationale d'administration (ENA) in 2004.
2005: French Riots
In 2005, France witnessed significant unrest and riots, comparable in intensity to those experienced in 2023.
2006: Early Political Engagement and Socialist Party Affiliation
Emmanuel Macron's early political engagement included a two-year stint with the Citizen and Republican Movement. He also served as an assistant to Mayor Georges Sarre of Paris's 11th arrondissement during his time at Sciences Po. At 24, he joined the Socialist Party, last renewing his membership for the 2006–2009 period.
2006: Meeting François Hollande and Early Political Involvement
Emmanuel Macron's path crossed with François Hollande's in 2006, thanks to an introduction by Jean-Pierre Jouyet. This meeting marked the beginning of a significant political connection.
2006: Declined Job Offer
Emmanuel Macron declined a job offer from Laurence Parisot to be the managing director for Mouvement des Entreprises de France in 2006.
2006: Joining the Socialist Party
Emmanuel Macron became a member of the Socialist Party in 2006.
August 2007: Appointment to Jacques Attali's Commission
Macron was appointed deputy rapporteur for Jacques Attali's "Commission to Unleash French Growth" in August 2007.
2007: Unsuccessful Bid for National Assembly Seat
In 2007, Emmanuel Macron made an attempt to enter the National Assembly as a Socialist Party candidate in Picardy. However, his application was rejected.
2007: Macron married Brigitte Trogneux
In 2007, Emmanuel Macron married Brigitte Trogneux, his former high school teacher who is 24 years his senior. Their relationship, which began during Macron's youth, faced initial opposition from his parents, but they reunited after his graduation.
2007: Macron voted for Ségolène Royal
In the 2007 French presidential election, Emmanuel Macron voted for Ségolène Royal in the second round. This choice reflected his political preferences at the time.
September 2008: Investment Banker at Rothschild & Cie Banque
Emmanuel Macron left his job as an Inspector of Finances and became an investment banker at Rothschild & Cie Banque in September 2008.
2008: Left Government Contract
Emmanuel Macron paid €50,000 to buy himself out of his government contract in 2008 to become an investment banker.
2009: Significant Earnings Reported
Between December 2010 and May 2012, Emmanuel Macron reported earnings of €2 million. Official records indicate that his total earnings from 2009 to 2013 amounted to nearly €3 million, reflecting his successful career in finance.
2009: Leaving the Socialist Party
Emmanuel Macron left the Socialist Party in 2009.
2009: Early Political Engagement and Socialist Party Affiliation
Emmanuel Macron's early political engagement included a two-year stint with the Citizen and Republican Movement. He also served as an assistant to Mayor Georges Sarre of Paris's 11th arrondissement during his time at Sciences Po. At 24, he joined the Socialist Party, last renewing his membership for the 2006–2009 period.
March 2010: Member of the Attali Commission
Emmanuel Macron was appointed as a member of the Attali Commission in March 2010.
December 2010: Significant Earnings Reported
Between December 2010 and May 2012, Emmanuel Macron reported earnings of €2 million. Official records indicate that his total earnings from 2009 to 2013 amounted to nearly €3 million, reflecting his successful career in finance.
2010: Career Advancements and Notable Acquisitions
In 2010, Emmanuel Macron's career saw significant growth as he was promoted to partner at Rothschild & Cie bank. This followed his involvement in key deals, including the recapitalization of Le Monde and Atos's acquisition of Siemens IT Solutions and Services. The same year, he spearheaded Nestlé's acquisition of Pfizer's infant nutrition division for €9 billion, a deal that solidified his financial success.
2010: Divorce of Emmanuel Macron's parents
Emmanuel Macron's parents, Françoise and Jean-Michel, divorced in 2010.
2010: Joining Hollande's Staff and Declining Fillon's Offer
Macron joined François Hollande's staff in 2010, solidifying their political alliance. Interestingly, he declined an offer to be the deputy chief of staff to Prime Minister François Fillon, choosing instead to align himself with Hollande.
2011: Macron supported François Hollande
During the Socialist Party primary in 2011, Emmanuel Macron voiced his support for François Hollande, indicating his alignment with Hollande's political vision.
February 2012: Advisory Role at Avril Group
In February 2012, Emmanuel Macron took on an advisory role for Philippe Tillous-Borde, CEO of the Avril Group, demonstrating his expertise in the business world.
May 2012: Appointment as Élysée deputy secretary-general
Shortly after François Hollande's election in May 2012, Emmanuel Macron was appointed as Élysée deputy secretary-general.
May 2012: Appointment as Deputy Secretary-General of the Élysée
On May 15, 2012, Emmanuel Macron took on the influential role of deputy secretary-general of the Élysée, serving under President François Hollande. He worked alongside Nicolas Revel, under the leadership of Secretary-General Pierre-René Lemas.
May 2012: Significant Earnings Reported
Between December 2010 and May 2012, Emmanuel Macron reported earnings of €2 million. Official records indicate that his total earnings from 2009 to 2013 amounted to nearly €3 million, reflecting his successful career in finance.
2012: Deputy Secretary-General to the President
Emmanuel Macron served as the Deputy Secretary-General to the President from 2012 to 2014.
2012: Policy Proposals and Internal Disagreements
During the summer of 2012, Macron proposed increasing the 35-hour workweek to 37 hours until 2014 and opposed raising taxes on top earners, clashing with Hollande's policies.
2013: Significant Earnings Reported
Between December 2010 and May 2012, Emmanuel Macron reported earnings of €2 million. Official records indicate that his total earnings from 2009 to 2013 amounted to nearly €3 million, reflecting his successful career in finance.
2013: Opposition to CEO Salary Regulation and Budget Pact
In 2013, Emmanuel Macron's vote against regulating CEO salaries sparked debate. He also opposed a budget responsibility pact favored by the Medef, a powerful employers' federation, creating tension within the government. Nicolas Revel, the other deputy secretary-general, supported the pact.
August 2014: Appointment as Minister of Economics, Industry and Digital Affairs
Emmanuel Macron was appointed as the Minister of Economics, Industry and Digital Affairs in August 2014.
2014: Policy Proposals and Internal Disagreements
During the summer of 2012, Macron proposed increasing the 35-hour workweek to 37 hours until 2014 and opposed raising taxes on top earners, clashing with Hollande's policies.
2014: Minister of Economy and Industry
Emmanuel Macron served as the Minister of Economy and Industry from 2014 to 2016.
2014: Minister of Economics, Industry and Digital Affairs
Emmanuel Macron was appointed as the Minister of Economics, Industry and Digital Affairs in 2014.
2015: European Migrant Crisis
The year 2015 marked a significant period for Europe as it grappled with a large-scale migrant crisis.
April 2016: Consideration for Presidency
In April 2016, Macron hinted at his presidential ambitions by forming En Marche. After resigning from the government, he dedicated more time to the movement. Media speculation about his candidacy grew after observing his fundraising patterns.
April 2016: Founding of En Marche
Emmanuel Macron founded the centrist and pro-European political movement En Marche in April 2016.
July 2016: Democratic National Committee Hacking
In July 2016, the Democratic National Committee (DNC) experienced a significant cyberattack, with emails and documents leaked online. This event raised concerns about cybersecurity, foreign interference in elections, and the potential impact on the US presidential election.
August 2016: Resignation as Minister
Emmanuel Macron resigned from his position as Minister in August 2016 to launch his presidential campaign.
October 2016: Critique of Hollande's Presidency
In October 2016, Macron publicly criticized then-President Hollande's approach to leadership, arguing that France needed a more assertive "Jupiterian presidency" rather than Hollande's "normal" style.
November 2016: Formal Presidential Candidacy Announcement
Ending months of speculation, Macron formally declared his candidacy for the French presidency in November 2016. His announcement speech called for a "democratic revolution" and promised to "unblock France."
December 2016: Campaign Financing Controversies
Macron's campaign fundraising came under scrutiny in December 2016, with allegations of conflicts of interest due to his past employment at Rothschilds and accusations of using ministerial funds for campaign purposes. Macron denied any wrongdoing, but the controversy put a spotlight on campaign finance transparency.
December 2016: Publication of "Révolution"
Macron's book, "Révolution," was published in November 2016, quickly becoming a bestseller in France, signaling significant public interest in his ideas and vision.
2016: Resignation as Minister
Emmanuel Macron resigned from his position as the Minister of Economy and Industry in 2016 to pursue his presidential campaign.
2016: Death of Henry Hermand
In 2016, Henry Hermand, a businessman who had significantly supported Emmanuel Macron, passed away. Hermand had loaned Macron €550,000 for his first apartment and provided office space for Macron's movement En Marche.
2016: Resignation as Minister
Emmanuel Macron resigned from his position as Minister of Economics, Industry and Digital Affairs in 2016.
March 2017: Allegations of Russian Interference
In March 2017, Macron's campaign accused Russia of orchestrating cyberattacks and spreading disinformation to influence the French presidential election. These allegations highlighted concerns about foreign interference in democratic processes.
March 2017: "Macron Leaks" Cyberattack
In March 2017, Macron's campaign became the target of a sophisticated cyberattack, with gigabytes of emails leaked online. This incident, dubbed the "Macron Leaks," raised concerns about cybersecurity and potential election interference.
April 2017: First Round Presidential Election Victory
Macron secured a significant victory in the first round of the French presidential election in April 2017, garnering the most votes and advancing to the second round against Marine Le Pen.
April 2017: First Round Presidential Election Victory
In April 2017, Emmanuel Macron emerged victorious from the first round of the French presidential election. His success in securing a place in the runoff against Marine Le Pen positioned him as a frontrunner in the race to lead France.
May 2017: Election as President of France
Emmanuel Macron was elected President of France in May 2017, defeating Marine Le Pen with a significant majority. This victory marked a historic moment as he became the youngest president in French history and the first born after the establishment of the Fifth Republic.
May 2017: Landslide Victory in Presidential Election
Emmanuel Macron secured a resounding victory in the second round of the French presidential election in May 2017, defeating Marine Le Pen by a landslide. At 39, he made history as the youngest president in French history and the first born after the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1958.
May 2017: Macron Attends First NATO Summit, Meets Trump
Emmanuel Macron participated in his inaugural NATO summit as President of France in May 2017. It was during this summit that he had his first encounter with then-U.S. President Donald Trump. Their initial handshake garnered significant media attention, often portrayed as a symbolic display of dominance.
May 2017: Presidential Debate Victory
A highly anticipated debate took place between Macron and Marine Le Pen in May 2017. Opinion polls indicated that Macron was widely perceived as the winner of the debate, further solidifying his lead in the presidential race.
May 2017: Macron Meets Putin, Criticizes Russian Media Outlets
President Macron met with Russian President Vladimir Putin at the Palace of Versailles in May 2017. During this meeting, Macron sparked controversy by publicly criticizing Russian state-funded media outlets, Russia Today (RT) and Sputnik. He accused them of disseminating "propaganda" and engaging in "lying propaganda." He further emphasized the need for collaborative efforts in the fight against ISIS and issued a warning that France would not hesitate to respond forcefully if chemical weapons were used in Syria.
May 2017: Election as President of France
Emmanuel Macron was elected President of France on May 7, 2017.
June 2017: Macron swore Constitution of Andorra through Strzoda
On 15 June 2017, Emmanuel Macron swore the Constitution of Andorra through his chief of staff, Patrick Strzoda, in a ceremony held at Casa de la Vall. This act was part of his role as co-prince of Andorra.
July 2017: Military Budget Cut Leads to Resignation
In July 2017, France's Chief of the General Staff, Pierre de Villiers, resigned due to a disagreement with President Macron over a €850 million reduction in the military budget.
July 2017: Senate Approves First Reading of Controversial Anti-Terror Bill
In July 2017, the French Senate gave its initial approval to a controversial bill designed to strengthen anti-terror laws. This legislation was a key element of President Macron's campaign promises.
July 2017: Anti-Corruption Law Passage
Responding to the "Penelopegate" scandal, the French National Assembly passed a law in July 2017 that aimed to combat corruption in politics. The law banned elected officials from employing family members, a key element of Macron's proposed reforms.
July 2017: WikiLeaks Email Release
In July 2017, WikiLeaks released thousands of emails associated with Macron's campaign. This release, coming after accusations of tax avoidance by his opponent Marine Le Pen, added another layer of controversy to the already heated election campaign.
August 2017: Macron adopted Nemo
On 27 August 2017, Emmanuel Macron and his wife Brigitte adopted Nemo, a black Labrador Retriever-Griffon dog. Nemo lives with them in the Élysée Palace and has become a notable presence.
August 2017: Photojournalist arrested during Macron's vacation
In August 2017, a photojournalist was arrested and detained for six hours after entering the private residence where Emmanuel Macron was vacationing in Marseille. Macron filed a complaint for "harassment."
September 2017: Public Perception of Macron's Promises
By September 2017, a poll revealed that a majority of the French public believed that Emmanuel Macron was keeping his campaign promises, although there were mixed opinions on the fairness of his government's policies.
September 2017: Macron dropped harassment complaint
In September 2017, Emmanuel Macron dropped his harassment complaint against the photojournalist who had entered his private residence in Marseille. He described this action as a "gesture of appeasement."
October 2017: Labor Code Reforms and Unemployment Rate Drop
In October 2017, following negotiations with unions and employers, the French government implemented significant labor code reforms. These reforms aimed to make the labor market more flexible and were met with a significant drop in the unemployment rate, the largest since 2001.
October 2017: Macron Signs Anti-Terror Bill into Law, Ending State of Emergency
President Macron formally enacted a new anti-terror law on October 30, 2017. This legislation granted authorities broader powers, including the ability to conduct home searches, impose movement restrictions, close places of worship, and conduct searches in areas surrounding transportation hubs. The law was passed with modifications aimed at addressing civil liberties concerns, and its most stringent measures were designed for annual review with a planned expiration by the end of 2020. The following day, Macron announced that this law would effectively end the state of emergency that had been in place.
2017: Legislative Election Results
In the 2017 French legislative elections, Macron's party, La République En Marche, and its allies won a comfortable majority in the National Assembly. However, the Republicans' victory in the Senate elections presented a setback for Macron's government.
2017: Presidential Campaign
Emmanuel Macron launched his presidential campaign in 2017.
2017: Presidency of France
Emmanuel Macron became the President of France in 2017.
2017: Presidency of France
Emmanuel Macron became the President of France in 2017.
2017: Brigitte Macron's role in Macron's presidential campaign
In 2017, Brigitte Macron played a pivotal role in Emmanuel Macron's presidential campaign. She helped him develop essential skills like public speaking, contributing significantly to his electoral success.
January 2018: Refugee and Immigration Policy Announcement
In January 2018, Macron addressed the issue of refugees and immigration, stating his commitment to preventing the formation of another large-scale refugee camp in Paris. He outlined a policy focused on streamlining asylum applications, facilitating deportations, and improving housing conditions for refugees.
February 2018: Macron Announces Plan for Voluntary Redundancy in Civil Service
In February 2018, President Macron revealed a plan to offer voluntary redundancy programs within the French civil service. This initiative was part of a broader effort to reduce the size of the public sector workforce.
February 2018: Macron Sparks Controversy with Comments on Corsican Language and Constitution
During a visit to Corsica in February 2018, President Macron generated controversy when he rejected demands from Corsican nationalists to grant official language status to the Corsican language. However, he did propose recognizing Corsica within the French constitution.
June 2018: Macron identified as an agnostic Catholic
In June 2018, Emmanuel Macron identified himself as an agnostic Catholic prior to meeting Pope Francis. This was a significant moment in his personal life, showing his spiritual leanings.
June 2018: Macron Addresses Europe's Migrant Crisis
In June 2018, French President Emmanuel Macron stated that Europe was not facing a migrant crisis as severe as the one experienced in 2015. He highlighted that countries like Italy were not under the same migratory pressure as the previous year. Instead, he characterized the situation as a "political crisis."
July 2018: Benalla Affair
In July 2018, the "Benalla Affair" unfolded, revealing that Alexandre Benalla, a member of Macron's staff, had impersonated a police officer and assaulted a protester during May Day demonstrations earlier that year.
2018: Sharp Decline in Macron's Popularity
Throughout 2018, Emmanuel Macron faced a dramatic decline in popularity, with his approval ratings plummeting to around 25% by the end of November, largely attributed to the rise of the Yellow Vest movement and widespread dissatisfaction with his policies.
2018: Yellow vests protests begin
The first years of Macron's presidency were marked by increasing protests against his domestic reforms, culminating in the yellow vests protests that began in 2018.
2018: Macron Orders Airstrikes in Syria Following Chemical Attack
In 2018, President Macron ordered the French military to participate in coordinated airstrikes targeting Syrian government facilities. This decision came in response to a chemical weapons attack in Douma, Syria, and was conducted in conjunction with the United States and the United Kingdom.
2018: Macron at 2018 World Cup
During the 2018 World Cup, Emmanuel Macron attended the semi-final between France and Belgium with the Belgian King Philippe and Queen Mathilde. He also celebrated France's victory in the final against Croatia alongside Croatian president Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović, gaining widespread media attention for his celebrations.
March 2019: Macron and Xi Jinping Sign Trade and Business Agreements
Despite ongoing trade tensions between China and the United States, President Macron and Chinese President Xi Jinping concluded a series of substantial trade and business agreements in March 2019. These agreements, totaling €40 billion (equivalent to US$45 billion at the time), encompassed a wide range of sectors and were set to unfold over several years. Notable deals included a €30 billion purchase of Airbus airplanes, agreements on French chicken exports, a joint venture for an offshore wind farm in China, the establishment of a Franco-Chinese cooperation fund, and substantial co-financing arrangements between BNP Paribas and the Bank of China.
November 2019: Macron Introduces New Immigration Rules
In November 2019, Emmanuel Macron introduced stricter immigration regulations in France. These measures were aimed at curbing the influx of refugees into the country, a move he described as "taking back control" of France's immigration policy.
December 2019: Macron Announces Pension System Overhaul
French President Emmanuel Macron announced plans in December 2019 to replace the country's existing pension system with a unified, state-managed national pension program.
January 2020: Macron Compromises on Pension Reform Amidst Protests
Following weeks of significant disruptions to public transportation and widespread protests in Paris against the proposed pension reforms, President Macron agreed to revisions in January 2020. The primary concession involved adjustments to the retirement age.
March 2020: Pension Overhaul Withdrawn Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic
In March 2020, President Macron made the decision to withdraw the proposed pension reform legislation. This decision came as France entered a period of lockdown in an effort to mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.
July 2020: Macron's Popularity Surge During COVID-19
During the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020, Emmanuel Macron's approval rating saw a significant increase, reaching 50% at its peak, indicating public support for his handling of the crisis.
July 2020: Appointment of Jean Castex as Prime Minister
In July 2020, President Macron appointed Jean Castex, a center-right politician, as the Prime Minister of France. This appointment, which marked a shift in the government's political direction, sparked debate about Macron's policy agenda.
July 2020: Macron Calls for Sanctions Against Turkey over Violations of Greek and Cypriot Sovereignty
In July 2020, President Macron urged for sanctions to be imposed on Turkey. He argued that Turkey's actions in the eastern Mediterranean, which he deemed a violation of the sovereignty of Greece and Cyprus, were unacceptable. He specifically condemned Turkey's infringement upon the maritime borders of EU member states. Additionally, he criticized Turkey's military intervention in Libya, stating that as a NATO member, Turkey should be held to a higher standard.
December 2020: Macron tested positive for COVID-19
On 17 December 2020, Emmanuel Macron tested positive for COVID-19, leading to the cancellation of his scheduled trips, including a visit to Lebanon. This event highlighted the impact of the pandemic on global leadership.
2020: Planned Expiration of Certain Anti-Terror Measures
The year 2020 marked the intended expiration date for some of the more stringent measures contained within the anti-terror law enacted in 2017. These measures, subject to annual review, were designed to address concerns about potential impacts on civil liberties.
2020: Yellow vests protests culminate
The yellow vests protests, which began in 2018, culminated in 2020.
2020: Resignation of Prime Minister Édouard Philippe
Prime Minister Édouard Philippe resigned in 2020 and was replaced by Jean Castex.
September 2021: France Recalls Ambassadors from US and Australia over AUKUS Pact
Relations between France and the United States became strained in September 2021 following the announcement of the AUKUS security pact, a trilateral agreement between the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. AUKUS, widely seen as a measure to counter China's growing influence in the Indo-Pacific region, included a provision for the United States to provide nuclear-powered submarines to Australia. This provision directly undermined a pre-existing deal between Australia and France for the supply of conventionally powered submarines, provoking anger and a sense of betrayal within the French government. In an unprecedented diplomatic move, France recalled its ambassadors from both Australia and the United States for consultations. Despite historical instances of friction in French-U.S. relations, this marked the first time that France had taken such a drastic step of recalling its ambassador from the United States. Following a conversation initiated by U.S. President Joe Biden, the two leaders agreed to work towards easing tensions. The White House acknowledged that the crisis could have been averted had there been open and transparent consultations among allies.
November 2021: Macron and Draghi Sign Quirinal Treaty
President Macron and Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi signed the Quirinal Treaty in November 2021. This agreement, formalized at the Quirinal Palace in Rome, aimed to bolster cooperation between the two nations. It outlined their commitment to closer alignment and coordination on a range of issues, including European affairs, foreign policy, security, defense, migration, economic matters, education, research, culture, and cross-border initiatives.
2021: Macron's Remarks on Northern Ireland Spark Controversy
In 2021, President Macron's comments regarding Northern Ireland ignited a controversy. His remarks, made in the context of disagreements with UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson over the implementation of the Northern Ireland Protocol, were interpreted by some as questioning Northern Ireland's status as part of the United Kingdom. Macron subsequently clarified his statement, explaining that he had been referring to the geographical separation of Great Britain and Northern Ireland by the Irish Sea, a factor relevant to the Irish Sea border issue.
May 2022: Macron's Second Term Begins
Emmanuel Macron's second term as President of France officially commenced on May 14, 2022, following his re-election victory.
May 2022: Appointment of Élisabeth Borne as Prime Minister
On May 16, 2022, President Emmanuel Macron appointed Élisabeth Borne as Prime Minister, making her the second woman in French history to hold this position.
June 2022: Macron Visits Ukraine, Expresses Support and Criticizes Neutral Nations
On June 16, 2022, French President Emmanuel Macron, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz, and Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi made a joint visit to Ukraine, where they met with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. During this visit, Macron expressed solidarity with Ukraine, emphasizing the "European Unity" in support of the country. He also criticized nations that remained neutral in the Russo-Ukrainian War, asserting that they made a historic error and were complicit in the new imperialism.
June 2022: Macron Loses Parliamentary Majority
In a significant political setback, President Emmanuel Macron's party lost its majority in the French Parliament in June 2022, following the legislative elections.
July 2022: Macron assisted Uber in lobbying
On 10 July 2022, The Guardian revealed that Emmanuel Macron had assisted Uber in lobbying during his term as the Minister of Economics and Industry. Opposition lawmakers called for a parliamentary inquiry, but Macron defended his actions, stating he "did his job" and was "proud of it."
July 2022: Macron's Minority Government
Following unsuccessful attempts to form a coalition government, President Emmanuel Macron's government continued as a minority administration after a cabinet reshuffle in early July 2022.
September 2022: Macron Attends Queen Elizabeth II's Funeral
French President Emmanuel Macron and his wife attended the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II, which took place at Westminster Abbey in London on September 19, 2022.
September 2022: Macron Criticizes High Gas Prices from Allies
In September 2022, French President Emmanuel Macron expressed criticism towards the United States, Norway, and other allied natural gas suppliers for charging what he deemed to be excessively high prices for their supplies. He further elaborated on his stance in October 2022, stating that Europeans were paying four times the price offered to domestic industries in those countries, questioning the fairness of such pricing practices among allies.
October 2022: Macron Becomes First Foreign Leader to Meet New Italian PM Meloni
On October 23, 2022, French President Emmanuel Macron became the first foreign leader to meet with Giorgia Meloni, the newly appointed Prime Minister of Italy, just a day after she and her cabinet ministers were officially sworn into office.
October 2022: Macron Criticizes High Gas Prices from Allies
In September 2022, French President Emmanuel Macron expressed criticism towards the United States, Norway, and other allied natural gas suppliers for charging what he deemed to be excessively high prices for their supplies. He further elaborated on his stance in October 2022, stating that Europeans were paying four times the price offered to domestic industries in those countries, questioning the fairness of such pricing practices among allies.
2022: Macron's Re-election and the Rise of the Far Right
In the 2022 French presidential election, Emmanuel Macron secured a second term, marking the first time an incumbent president had been re-elected since Jacques Chirac in 2002.
2022: Macron Engages with Putin Amidst Ukraine Crisis
In the period leading up to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, President Macron engaged in both direct and indirect communication with Russian President Vladimir Putin, including face-to-face meetings and phone calls. Notably, during his re-election campaign, which took place nearly two months after the invasion began, Macron advocated for European leaders to maintain lines of dialogue with Putin.
2022: Macron's Minority Government and Legislative Challenges
Despite lacking a parliamentary majority, Emmanuel Macron's government managed to pass significant legislation in 2022, including measures addressing the cost-of-living crisis and repealing the COVID-19 state of emergency.
2022: Re-election as President of France
Emmanuel Macron was re-elected as President of France in 2022.
2022: Political Controversies in Macron's Second Term
Emmanuel Macron's second term as president was marked by early political controversies, including rape allegations against a newly appointed minister and criticism over the handling of the 2022 UEFA Champions League final.
February 2023: Macron Hosts Ethiopian PM to Normalize Relations
In February 2023, French President Emmanuel Macron welcomed Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed to Paris in an effort to restore normalcy to the relations between France and Ethiopia. These relations had been strained due to the Tigray War, a conflict between the Ethiopian government and Tigrayan rebels.
February 2023: Macron Government Introduces Immigration and Asylum Bill
In February 2023, the Macron government introduced an immigration and asylum bill that aimed to streamline the asylum application process and immigration litigation while also making it easier for undocumented workers to gain legal status. However, the bill also proposed removing deportation safeguards. Due to concerns about the bill's potential defeat in Parliament, the government decided to withdraw it and engage in discussions with the center-right LR party before reintroducing it later in the year.
March 2023: Macron's Government Survives No-Confidence Vote
Emmanuel Macron's government narrowly survived a no-confidence vote in March 2023, winning by a slim margin of nine votes. This marked the slimmest victory for a government facing such a vote since 1992.
March 2023: Pension Reform Passed, Sparking Protests
In a controversial move, Emmanuel Macron's government passed a law in March 2023 to raise the retirement age from 62 to 64, bypassing a parliamentary vote.
April 2023: Macron Announces "Hundred Days of Appeasement and Action"
In April 2023, following a period of intense protests triggered by his pension reforms, French President Emmanuel Macron announced a "hundred days of appeasement and action" aimed at addressing public concerns and restoring calm.
May 2023: Macron Prioritizes Negotiation with Putin Over War Crimes Tribunal
During his visit to the GLOBSEC forum in Bratislava on May 31, 2023, French President Emmanuel Macron delivered a speech on European sovereignty. In the subsequent Q&A session, he stated that prioritizing negotiations with Russian President Vladimir Putin might be necessary, potentially taking precedence over any war crimes tribunal that some, including Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, advocated for.
June 2023: Macron's Government Survives 17th No-Confidence Motion
In June 2023, the French government, under President Emmanuel Macron, successfully weathered its 17th no-confidence motion since the start of the 16th legislature.
June 2023: Macron Increases Military Support to Ukraine and Calls Russia's Actions "Imperialism and Colonialism"
French President Emmanuel Macron pledged increased military support to Ukraine on June 12, 2023, promising more ammunition, weapons, and armed vehicles to assist Ukrainian forces in their counter-offensive aimed at liberating Russian-occupied southeastern Ukraine. Subsequently, at the NATO Summit in Vilnius, he committed to providing Ukraine with Scalp long-range cruise missiles, enabling them to strike Russian targets far behind the front lines. On November 10, 2023, Macron condemned Russia's actions in Ukraine as "imperialism and colonialism." He emphasized that France and other nations had a "duty" to aid Ukraine in defending itself while also suggesting that a time might come for fair peace negotiations and a resolution with Russia.
June 2023: European Support for Macron's Stance on China and US
A June 7, 2023 report by the European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) revealed that a majority of Europeans shared French President Emmanuel Macron's perspectives on China and the United States. This finding followed Macron's advocacy for European strategic autonomy, suggesting a move towards becoming a "third superpower" by bolstering its defense industries and reducing dependence on the United States dollar.
June 2023: Macron hosted global climate finance conference
In June 2023, Emmanuel Macron hosted a global climate finance conference, likened to the Bretton Woods Conference. The aim was to adapt the global economy to tackle contemporary issues like climate change and hunger. Macron supported the idea of providing aid to low-income countries instead of credit. However, his support for projects like the East African Crude Oil Pipeline drew criticism. Macron proposed international taxation and debt restructuring, emphasizing the need for global cooperation.
July 2023: Macron Reshuffles Government
On July 20, 2023, French President Emmanuel Macron carried out a cabinet reshuffle, marking the end of the "hundred days of appeasement and action" he had announced in April 2023 following widespread protests.
July 2023: Parliament Passes Military Spending Bill
The French parliament passed a multi-year military planning bill in July 2023, paving the way for a substantial increase in military spending over the following years.
August 2023: Macron Calls for Significant Reduction in Immigration
In August 2023, in an interview with Le Point magazine, Emmanuel Macron stressed the need for France to significantly reduce immigration, particularly illegal immigration. He emphasized that the existing situation was unsustainable.
August 2023: Macron Signs Military Spending Bill
On August 1, 2023, French President Emmanuel Macron signed into law a significant military spending bill, authorizing a 40% increase in military expenditures to a total of €413 billion between 2024 and 2030.
October 2023: Macron condemned Hamas' actions and visited Israel
In October 2023, Emmanuel Macron condemned Hamas' actions during the Israel–Hamas war and expressed support for Israel's right to self-defense. He criticized Iran for supporting Hamas and visited Israel on 24 October 2023 to show solidarity. Macron suggested that the anti-ISIL coalition should also target Hamas.
October 2023: Macron Proposes Avenues for Constitutional Reform
On October 4, 2023, the 65th anniversary of the French Constitution, President Macron revealed potential areas for constitutional reform. These included expanding the use of referendums, constitutionally enshrining the right to abortion and climate protection, increasing territorial devolution, and granting some degree of political autonomy to Corsica and New Caledonia.
November 2023: Macron called for ceasefire in Israel-Gaza conflict
On 10 November 2023, Emmanuel Macron called for a ceasefire in the Israel-Gaza conflict. He urged Israel to stop bombing Gaza and killing civilians, highlighting his stance on protecting human rights during the conflict.
November 2023: Macron Increases Military Support to Ukraine and Calls Russia's Actions "Imperialism and Colonialism"
French President Emmanuel Macron pledged increased military support to Ukraine on June 12, 2023, promising more ammunition, weapons, and armed vehicles to assist Ukrainian forces in their counter-offensive aimed at liberating Russian-occupied southeastern Ukraine. Subsequently, at the NATO Summit in Vilnius, he committed to providing Ukraine with Scalp long-range cruise missiles, enabling them to strike Russian targets far behind the front lines. On November 10, 2023, Macron condemned Russia's actions in Ukraine as "imperialism and colonialism." He emphasized that France and other nations had a "duty" to aid Ukraine in defending itself while also suggesting that a time might come for fair peace negotiations and a resolution with Russia.
December 2023: Passage of Macron's Amended Immigration Bill and Health Minister's Resignation
In December 2023, following its initial defeat, the Macron government sent the immigration bill to a joint parliamentary committee in an effort to salvage it. This resulted in an agreement with the conservative-controlled Senate on a significantly revised and stricter version of the bill. On December 19, 2023, the French Parliament passed the legislation with support from the conservative LR and far-right RN parliamentary groups, despite a substantial rebellion from within Macron's own coalition and among his ministers. The passage of this controversial bill led to the resignation of Health Minister Aurélien Rousseau, who had been appointed to the government just six months earlier.
December 2023: Macron's Immigration Bill Defeated in National Assembly
On December 11, 2023, Macron's flagship immigration bill faced a significant setback when it was unexpectedly defeated in the National Assembly. The defeat, which occurred after the narrow passage of a motion for preliminary dismissal, was widely perceived as a "spectacular debacle" for Macron's minority administration, leading to a major political crisis.
2023: Pension reforms and protests
In 2023, the government passed legislation raising the retirement age from 62 to 64, leading to public sector strikes and violent protests.
2023: Riots Erupt in France
In the early summer of 2023, France experienced a wave of riots following the fatal shooting of a 17-year-old by a police officer during a traffic stop.
2023: Government Budget and Social Security Budget Passed
By the end of 2022, the Borne cabinet had to repeatedly invoke Article 49.3 of the Constitution to overcome parliamentary opposition and pass the 2023 Government Budget and Social Security Budget.
2023: Macron Holds Crisis Meeting on Public Finances
In 2023, President Macron called for a 'crisis meeting' to address the state of France's public finances. This meeting was prompted by reports indicating that the government had significantly missed its fiscal targets for the year, resulting in a larger-than-projected deficit. This situation raised concerns about a potential downgrade of the country's credit rating.
January 2024: Appointment of Gabriel Attal as Prime Minister
Gabriel Attal was appointed as Prime Minister in January 2024, replacing Élisabeth Borne.
January 2024: Macron Appoints Gabriel Attal as Prime Minister, Marking a Historic First
In January 2024, following a government crisis triggered by the controversial passage of the immigration bill, President Macron accepted the resignation of Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne. He then appointed Gabriel Attal, the Education Minister, as her successor. This appointment made Attal the youngest head of government in French history and the first openly gay individual to hold the position.
January 2024: Macron's New Cabinet Seen as Right-Leaning
The new Attal cabinet, formed in January 2024, was widely perceived as the most right-leaning government since the beginning of Macron's presidency. Notably, 57% of the 14 Cabinet ministers appointed by Macron and Attal were previously members of the conservative UMP/LR party. This shift in political alignment was further emphasized by the removal of prominent left-leaning ministers from the outgoing Borne government, signaling a noticeable tilt toward the right in Macron's administration.
February 2024: Macron Government Announces Emergency Spending Cuts
Amidst slowing economic growth and underwhelming unemployment figures, the Macron government announced €10 billion in emergency spending cuts in February 2024. This move was aimed at adhering to the government's deficit target for the year.
March 2024: Macron agreed on environmental cooperation with Brazil
In March 2024, Emmanuel Macron and Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva agreed to cooperate on various environmental issues, including the transmission of 1.1 billion dollars to preserve the Amazon rainforest.
March 2024: Macron defended CETA
In March 2024, Emmanuel Macron defended the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the EU, calling it a "very good deal." This came after the French Senate voted against its ratification.
March 2024: French Parliament Approves Constitutional Amendment Protecting Abortion Rights
On March 4, 2024, in a joint session, the French Parliament passed a constitutional amendment championed by President Macron. This amendment aimed to safeguard abortion as a "guaranteed freedom" within the Constitution. This marked the first constitutional reform in France since 2008 and the first since Macron assumed the presidency in 2017.
2024: Start of Increased Military Spending
The year 2024 marked the beginning of a period of significantly increased military spending in France, as outlined in the military planning bill passed in 2023.
2030: End of Increased Military Spending Period
The year 2030 marked the intended end of a period of significantly increased military spending in France, as set out in the multi-year military planning bill passed in 2023.